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一文讲透高中英语三大从句:名词性/定语/状语从句(附2025高考英语真题)

作者:未知 时间:2025-08-28 阅读:( )

一篇文章讲透高中英语三大从句(附2025高考英语真题)

在高中英语的知识体系里,三大从句——名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句,无疑占据着极为关键的位置。它们不仅是英语语法学习的重难点,更是高考英语中的高频考点,在阅读理解、完形填空、语法填空、写作等题型中频繁现身,对同学们的英语成绩有着举足轻重的影响 。这篇文章将为大家详细剖析三大从句,结合2025-2021年高考英语真题进行深度解析,帮助大家攻克这一语法难关。

一、名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子被称为名词性从句。名词性从句的功能与名词词组相当,在复合句里能够充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分。依据其在句中的不同语法功能,又可细分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

1. 引导词:引导名词性从句的连接词可归为三类。其一为连词,像that (在宾语从句或表语从句中,that有时能够省略) 、whether、if (这两个词都表示“是否”,用以表明从句内容的不确定性) 、as if 、as though (这两个词均表示“好像”“似乎”);其二是连接代词,包含what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,which,whichever;其三是连接副词,有when,where,why,how。
2. 主语从句:用作主语的从句即为主语从句,也就是一个句子在主从复合句中担当主语。例如“What he said is very important.”(他所说的非常重要),这里“what he said”整个句子作主语。为了避免句子头重脚轻,多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语,把真正的主语从句置于句尾 ,如“It is known to us that he is a good student.”(我们都知道他是个好学生) 。
3. 宾语从句:用作宾语的从句便是宾语从句,在主从复合句里充当宾语。比如“I know that he is a good student.”(我知道他是个好学生) ,“that he is a good student”作“know”的宾语。that引导宾语从句时,多数情况下可以省略,但当宾语从句位于句首表示强调时,that不可省略。
4. 表语从句:在主从复合句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。比如“The problem is that we don't have enough time.”(问题是我们没有足够的时间) ,“that we don't have enough time”在句中作表语。
5. 同位语从句:用于解释说明前面名词内容的从句就是同位语从句。比如“The news that our team won the game is exciting.”(我们队赢得比赛的消息令人兴奋) ,“that our team won the game”是“news”的同位语,解释“news”的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导,且that在从句中不充当任何成分。

真题解析

(2025年北京卷)When Nick runs ahead, I hear him barking excitedly. I sometimes call him back, worried that he might have someone ____12scared ____ (scare). The truth, though, is 13 could be guessed — there’s never anyone else here. Just me, Nick, and the quiet forest.
【答案】 what
【解析】考查表语从句引导词。“is”后面接的是表语从句,从句中缺少主语,指物,用what引导,what在从句中作主语,意思是“……的事情” ,整句话意思是“不过,真相正如所料 —— 这里从来没有其他人”。

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二、定语从句

定语从句在句中充当定语,用于修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词、词组或代词就是先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

1. 关系代词引导的定语从句:关系代词所替代的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分 。比如“who”“whom”“that”“which”“whose”等 。“who”作主语指人,“whom”作宾语指人,“that”既可以作主语又能作宾语(作宾语时可以省略),可以指人也能指物 ,“which”用来指物 ,“whose”表示谁(可以是人也可以是物)的(东西) ,例如“The man who is standing there is my teacher.”(站在那儿的那个人是我的老师) ,“who”在从句中作主语,修饰先行词“man”;“The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.”(我昨天买的那本书很有趣) ,“which”在从句中作宾语,修饰先行词“book” 。
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句:关系副词主要有when、where、why,它们在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语 。例如“I still remember the day when I first came to this school.”(我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天) ,“when”在从句中作时间状语,修饰先行词“day”;“This is the place where I lived ten years ago.”(这是我十年前住过的地方) ,“where”在从句中作地点状语,修饰先行词“place”;“The reason why he was late is that he missed the early bus.”(他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车) ,“why”在从句中作原因状语,修饰先行词“reason” 。
3. 非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句和先行词之间通常用逗号隔开,对先行词起到补充说明的作用,即使去掉从句,主句的意思依然完整 。例如“My mother, who is very kind, often helps others.”(我的妈妈,她非常善良,经常帮助别人) ,“who is very kind”是非限制性定语从句,修饰“my mother” 。

真题解析

(2025年全国一卷)An exhibition at the Jiushi Art Museum in Shanghai is featuring artwork inspired by Go, or weiqi in Chinese, 56 originated in China more than 4,000 years ago.
【解析】考查定语从句。本空引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词为Go, or weiqi in Chinese(围棋),指物,且关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which引导 ,即“上海久事美术馆正在举办一场展览,展出的艺术品灵感来自围棋(中文称为‘围棋’),它起源4000多年前的中国”。

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三、状语从句

状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子 。依据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句 。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也能由词组引起 。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

1. 时间状语从句:常用的引导词有when、while、as、before、after、since、until、till等 。例如“When I got home, my mother was cooking dinner.”(当我到家时,妈妈正在做晚饭) ;“While I was watching TV, my father came back.”(我在看电视的时候,爸爸回来了) 。
2. 地点状语从句:常见引导词是where、wherever 。比如“Where there is a will, there is a way.”(有志者,事竟成) ;“Wherever you go, I will follow you.”(无论你去哪里,我都跟着你) 。
3. 原因状语从句:引导词主要有because、since、as、for等 。“Because it was raining heavily, we didn't go to the park.”(因为雨下得很大,我们没有去公园) ;“Since you are here, you can help me.”(既然你在这儿,你可以帮我) 。
4. 条件状语从句:引导词有if、unless、as long as等 。“If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.”(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里) ;“You will fail unless you work hard.”(除非你努力学习,否则你会失败) 。
5. 目的状语从句:引导词有so that、in order that等 。“He gets up early so that he can catch the first bus.”(他早起是为了能赶上第一班公共汽车) 。
6. 结果状语从句:引导词有so...that、such...that等 。“He is so tired that he can't walk any further.”(他太累了,走不动了) ;“It is such a beautiful day that we want to go out for a walk.”(天气如此好,我们想出去散步) 。
7. 让步状语从句:引导词有although、though、even though、even if等 。“Although/Though it was late, he still went on working.”(虽然很晚了,但他仍然继续工作) ;“Even if it rains, I will go there.”(即使下雨,我也要去那儿) 。
8. 方式状语从句:引导词有as、as if、as though等 。“Do as I told you.”(按照我告诉你的去做) ;“He talks as if he knew everything.”(他说起话来好像什么都知道) 。
9. 比较状语从句:引导词有than、as...as等 。“He is taller than I (am).”(他比我高) ;“She runs as fast as her sister.”(她跑得和她姐姐一样快) 。


真题解析

(2024新课标I卷阅读理解A篇)We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection.
【分析】本句是一个主从复合句。while引导的状语从句的主语和主句主语We一致,且状语从句谓语中有be动词,可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。完整的状语从句为:while we are conducting invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection ,意思是“我们将探索美丽的公园景点,同时进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子收集工作”。

通过对三大从句的详细讲解以及高考真题的分析,希望同学们能对高中英语三大从句有更深入的理解和掌握。在学习过程中,要多做练习,结合实际语境去体会从句的用法,不断提升自己的语法运用能力和英语综合水平。

2025-2021年高考英语真题20题及答案解析(部分)

1. (2025年全国二卷)I was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. Yet now, I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, 36 bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free - range, and 37central (center) heating doesn’t exist.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。本空引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the countryside of Zhejiang,China,关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导,即“然而现在,我和我的中国丈夫和他的家人住在中国浙江的农村,在那里山上野生竹子和茶树丛生,鸡总是自由放养的,而且没有集中供暖”。
2. (2025年北京卷)However, according to a report by the World Wildlife Fund, tourists ____18left ____ (leave) over 1.3 billion tons of food waste last year, 19 accounted for about 8% of the total global gas release in 2024. To reduce our impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge before heading out, and choose sustainable dining options.
【解析】考查定语从句关系代词。此句为非限制性定语从句,先行词是“1.3 billion tons of food waste”,指物,关系词在从句中作主语,用which引导,意思是“然而,根据世界野生动物基金会的一份报告,去年游客留下了超过13亿吨的食物垃圾,约占2024年全球气体排放总量的8%”。
3. (2025年1月浙江卷)Tanya is also looking beyond special - occasion dresses to less formal clothing, 63 she plans to package as capsule wardrobes and offer to travellers, such as those headed to weddings abroad, with a longer - term rental period. “I really want to make this work for 64 (people) lives today, and I know that doesn’t always mean 65 (return) a dress on the Monday after a special weekend,” she says.
【解析】考查定语从句。“____ she plans to package as capsule wardrobes”是非限定性定语从句,修饰先行词less formal clothing,指物,关系词将其代入从句中作宾语,应用关系代词which引导从句 ,即“坦尼娅也在关注非正式服装,而不仅仅是特殊场合的礼服,她计划将这些服装打包成胶囊衣橱,提供给旅行者,比如那些前往国外参加婚礼的人,并提供更长期的租赁服务”。
4. (2024·浙江·1月·语法填空)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home ________ you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh.
【答案】or
【解析】考查固定搭配“either...or...”,表示“要么……要么……” ,整句话意思是“要么你的购物太重搬不回家,要么你不能在买到的东西还新鲜的时候享用它们”。
5. (2024·新高考II卷·语法填空)Recalling watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmndsn said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language ________ see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。“hear the Chinese language”和“see how Tang’s play was being performed”是并列关系,用and连接 ,意思是“埃德蒙森回忆起在上海观看莎士比亚戏剧《理查三世》的中国戏曲版本,以及几年前遇到来斯特拉特福表演《牡丹亭》选段的中国演员时说:‘听到中文并看到汤显祖的戏剧是如何表演的,非常令人兴奋’”。
6. (2024年全国甲卷改错)Last week, I saw a program about Chongqing hotpot on TV. I was curious but planned a special one - day trip there with a friend of mine.
【答案】将but改为and
【解析】考查连词。“curious”和“planned a special one - day trip”之间是顺承关系,不是转折关系,所以把but改为and ,即“上周,我在电视上看到一个关于重庆火锅的节目。我很好奇,并且和我的一个朋友计划了一次特别的一日游”。
7. (2023新高考一卷)The reason why they need a trainer is ______ they want to improve their English.
【答案】that
【解析】考查表语从句。“The reason why...is that...”是固定句型,“that”引导表语从句 ,意思是“他们需要培训师的原因是他们想提高英语水平”。
8. (2022年全国乙卷语法填空)The Chinese government has decided to end its long - standing one - child policy ______ couples are allowed to have two children.
【答案】so that
【解析】考查目的状语从句。“so that”引导目的状语从句,表示“以便,为了” ,即“中国政府决定结束长期以来的独生子女政策,以便夫妻可以生育两个孩子”。
9. (2021年新高考I卷语法填空)Our park is ______ (real) a good place to have fun.
【答案】really
【解析】考查副词。修饰动词“is”要用副词,“real”的副词形式是“really” ,意思是“我们的公园真的是一个娱乐的好地方” 。
10. (2021年全国甲卷语法填空)It was the middle of the night ______ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
【答案】when
【解析】考查时间状语从句。“when”引导时间状语从句,意思是“当我父亲叫醒我,告诉我看足球比赛的时候,正是半夜” 。

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