作者:未知 时间:2025-09-24 阅读:( )
一、定语从句核心定义
- 本质:充当定语的从句,修饰主句中的 先行词(名词/代词),功能是补充说明先行词的“性质、特征、所属、时间、地点、原因”等信息。
- 结构公式:先行词 + 关系词(连接作用) + 从句(完整句子结构,缺主语/宾语/状语等成分,由关系词补充)
例:This is the book that I bought yesterday.(先行词“the book”,关系词“that”代替先行词在从句中作宾语)
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二、定语从句分类(按功能)
1. 限制性定语从句
- 作用:先行词不可缺少的修饰语,去掉后主句意思不完整、不明确。
例:Students who work hard will pass the exam.(去掉从句后“Students will pass the exam”,无法明确“哪些学生”,意思不完整)
- 标点:与主句之间 无逗号 分隔。
- 关系词:可根据成分用that/which/who/whom/whose/when/where/why(that使用频率高)。
2. 非限制性定语从句
- 作用:对先行词进行补充说明,去掉后主句意思仍完整,仅损失额外信息。
例:My hometown, which is in the south of China, has a long history.(去掉从句后“My hometown has a long history”,意思完整,从句仅补充家乡位置)
- 标点:与主句之间 必须用逗号 分隔。
- 关系词限制:
- 不能用 that 引导;
- 先行词为整个主句时,只能用 which/as(as可放句首,which不可),例:As is known to all, he is a good student. / He is a good student, which makes his parents proud.
三、关系词分类与用法(核心实用考点)
(一)关系代词:在从句中作主语/宾语/定语,代替先行词(人/物)
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关系代词 指代对象 从句中可作成分 关键用法与例句
who 人(主格) 主语 先行词指人,从句缺主语:The teacher who taught me is kind.
whom 人(宾格) 宾语 先行词指人,从句缺宾语(可省略,介词后不可省):The boy whom you met yesterday is my brother. / The girl to whom you talked is Lucy.
whose 人/物(所有格) 定语(后接名词) 表“先行词的”,可替换为“of which/of whom”:This is the girl whose hair is long.(= the girl of whom the hair is long);This is the book whose cover is red.(= the book of which the cover is red)
which 物/整个主句 主语/宾语 1. 指物:The pen which I lost is black.(作宾语,可省略);2. 指整个主句(非限制性):He failed the exam, which surprised us.
that 人/物 主语/宾语 1. 通用(除非限制性从句、介词后);2. 必须用that的场景(见下文“特殊规则”):This is the best film that I have seen.
as 人/物/整个主句 主语/宾语 1. 引导非限制性从句,常与“as is known/reported/expected”等搭配:As we all know, English is important.;2. 与such/the same搭配:This is such a beautiful place as everyone likes.
(二)关系副词:在从句中作状语(时间/地点/原因),= “介词 + which”
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关系副词 指代对象 从句中作成分 等价结构 例句
when 时间(先行词:time/day/year等) 时间状语 = on/in/at + which I remember the day when I joined the club.(= the day on which I joined the club)
where 地点(先行词:place/city/school等) 地点状语 = in/at/on + which This is the school where I studied.(= the school in which I studied)
why 原因(仅先行词为reason) 原因状语 = for + which The reason why he was late is clear.(= the reason for which he was late)
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四、特殊规则(高频易错点)
1. 必须用that的5种场景
- 先行词被 形容词最高级 修饰(best/most beautiful等):This is the tallest building that I have ever seen.
- 先行词被 序数词 修饰(first/second等):The first thing that you should do is to study.
- 先行词被 the only/the very/the same/the last 修饰:He is the only student that passed the exam.
- 先行词为 all/everything/nothing/something/anything 等不定代词:Everything that he said is true.
- 先行词 既有人又有物:I will never forget the people and places that I visited last year.
2. 关系词省略的2种情况
- 关系代词在从句中作 宾语(who/whom/which/that):The book(that/which)I read is interesting.
- 关系副词when/where/why在“the time/the place/the reason”后,可省略(或用that代替):I don’t remember the time(when/that)we met.
3. 介词+关系词的用法
- 介词选择:根据从句中动词的固定搭配(talk to / depend on)或先行词的搭配(a house in);
例:The man with whom she talked is my uncle.(talk with sb.)
- 关系词:指人用whom,指物用which,不可用that;
- 简化:介词可提前,也可放在从句动词后(此时关系词可省略);
例:The pen(which/that)I wrote with is lost. = The pen with which I wrote is lost.
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五、实战判断步骤(3步搞定定语从句)
1. 找先行词:确定主句中被修饰的名词/代词(通常在关系词前);
2. 分析从句成分:看从句缺主语/宾语/定语(用关系代词),还是缺时间/地点/原因状语(用关系副词);
3. 结合规则筛选:根据先行词(人/物)、是否为非限制性从句、是否有特殊修饰词(最高级/only等),确定最终关系词。
例:I visited the city ______ held the Olympic Games.
- 步骤1:先行词“the city”(物);
- 步骤2:从句“______ held the Olympic Games”缺主语;
- 步骤3:先行词是物,缺主语,可用which/that(无特殊规则),故填which/that。
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