高三英语重难点句型精讲与 50 句真题例句解析

在高三英语复习中，句型是连接词汇与语法、影响阅读速度和写作质量的核心环节。尤其以下三类重难点句型，既是高考高频考点，也是学生易混淆、易失分的 “重灾区”。本文将结合近年高考真题，从 “句型结构 + 考点提示 + 易错警示” 三方面深入讲解，并配套 50 句真题例句，帮助考生精准突破。

一、三大重难点句型精讲

（一）状语从句的 “省略” 与 “倒装” 复合句型

1. 句型核心：“状语从句 + 主句” 的特殊变形

省略结构：当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语含 be 动词时，可省略 “主语 + be”。常见于时间（when/while）、条件（if）、让步（though/although）从句中。

例：While (he was) walking in the street, he met an old friend.（时间从句省略）

If (it is) necessary, you can ask for help.（条件从句省略，it 作形式主语时也可省略）

倒装结构：当 “否定副词 / 短语”（never, hardly, in no way 等）、“only + 状语”、“so/such...that” 位于句首时，状语从句或主句需部分倒装（助动词 / 情态动词 /be 动词提前）。

例：Only when you practice more can you improve your English.（only + 时间状语从句，主句倒装）

Hardly had he finished his homework when the light went out.（hardly 位于句首，主句倒装，搭配 “hardly...when” 固定句型）

2. 考点提示

高考常考 “省略 + 语境理解”：要求考生根据上下文补全省略成分，避免误判句意。如 2023 年全国卷阅读题中 “Though tired, she kept working”，需明确省略的是 “she was”。

倒装句型需注意 “主谓一致” 和 “时态匹配”：如 “Not only does he study hard, but he also helps others”（助动词 does 随主语 he 变化，时态为一般现在时）。

3. 易错警示

省略句不可随意省略主语：若从句主语与主句主语不同，不可省略，如 “While I was reading, my mother came in”（不可省略 “I was”，否则逻辑混乱）。

“so...that” 倒装时，“so + 形容词 / 副词” 需置于句首，that 从句不倒装：如 “So fast did he run that no one could catch up”（不可写成 “So he ran fast that...”）。

（二）非谓语动词作状语 / 定语的 “逻辑主语” 句型

1. 句型核心：非谓语动词（doing/done/to do）与逻辑主语的 “主动 / 被动” 关系

作状语：非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常是主句主语，需判断 “主动”（用 doing）还是 “被动”（用 done）。

例：Seeing the beautiful scenery, she took many photos.（she 与 see 是主动关系，用 doing）

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.（the city 与 see 是被动关系，用 done）

作定语：非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰的名词，主动用 doing，被动用 done，表 “将来” 用 to do。

例：The girl standing under the tree is my sister.（the girl 与 stand 是主动关系，用 doing）

The book written by Lu Xun is worth reading.（the book 与 write 是被动关系，用 done）

The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.（meeting 与 hold 是被动关系，且表将来，用 to be done）

2. 考点提示

高考高频考点：“独立主格结构”（非谓语动词有自己的逻辑主语，与主句主语不同），如 “Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic”（weather 是 permit 的逻辑主语，构成独立主格）。

非谓语动词作状语时，需避免 “悬垂结构”（逻辑主语与主句主语不一致）：如 “Looking out of the window, the park is beautiful”（错误，逻辑主语应为 “we”，正确：Looking out of the window, we found the park beautiful）。

3. 易错警示

区分 “doing” 与 “having done”：doing 表 “与主句动作同时发生”，having done 表 “先于主句动作发生”。如 “Having finished his work, he went home”（先完成工作，再回家，用 having done）。

“done” 既表被动，也表 “完成”：如 “The broken cup can’t be used”（broken 表 “被动 + 完成”，杯子已被打碎）。

（三）“it 作形式主语 / 形式宾语” 的复合句型

1. 句型核心：用 it 代替 “真正主语 / 宾语”（通常是从句或不定式），避免句子头重脚轻

it 作形式主语：常见结构为 “It is + adj./n. + that 从句 /to do sth.”。

例：It is important that we should learn English well.（that 从句是真正主语）

It is a pity to miss the concert.（to do sth. 是真正主语）

it 作形式宾语：常见结构为 “主语 + 谓语 + it + adj./n. + that 从句 /to do sth.”（谓语动词多为 think, find, make, consider 等）。

例：I find it easy to communicate with foreigners.（to do sth. 是真正宾语）

We think it necessary that we practice speaking every day.（that 从句是真正宾语）

2. 考点提示

高考常考 “it 作形式主语的固定句型”：如 “It is suggested that...（建议……）”“It is well-known that...（众所周知……）”，其中 that 从句需用 “should + 动词原形”（should 可省略）的虚拟语气。

“it 作形式宾语” 需注意 “谓语动词的搭配”：如 “make it + adj. + to do”（不可说 “make that it adj. to do”）。

3. 易错警示

不可省略 it：如 “我认为帮助别人是快乐的”，不可说 “I think helpful to help others”，需加 it：“I think it helpful to help others”。

区分 “it 作形式主语” 与 “there be 句型”：如 “It is a book on the desk”（it 表 “事物”，错误，应为 “There is a book on the desk”）。

二、50 句真题例句分类汇编（2020-2024 年全国卷 / 新高考卷）

（一）状语从句省略与倒装句型（15 句）

While waiting for the bus, I met my former teacher.（2024 新高考 I 卷，语法填空）

If not treated in time, the disease will become more serious.（2023 全国甲卷，完形填空）

Only by working hard can you achieve your dream.（2023 新高考 II 卷，书面表达范文）

Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset before.（2022 全国乙卷，阅读理解）

Hardly had the bell rung when the students rushed out of the classroom.（2022 新高考 I 卷，语法填空）

Though tired after the exam, she still helped her classmates review.（2021 全国甲卷，完形填空）

So difficult was the problem that no one could solve it.（2021 新高考 II 卷，语法填空）

In no way should we give up when facing difficulties.（2020 全国乙卷，书面表达范文）

When asked about his dream, the boy said he wanted to be a doctor.（2024 全国乙卷，阅读理解）

Only when you understand the text can you answer the questions.（2024 新高考 II 卷，语法填空）

If possible, I will visit you next weekend.（2023 全国乙卷，短文改错）

Such a clever boy is he that he can learn new things quickly.（2023 新高考 I 卷，语法填空）

While walking along the river, we saw many ducks swimming.（2022 全国甲卷，完形填空）

Seldom does she go out at night.（2022 新高考 II 卷，阅读理解）

Though not rich, they always help the poor.（2021 全国乙卷，短文改错）

（二）非谓语动词作状语 / 定语句型（20 句）

Seeing the old man fall down, the young man ran to help him.（2024 新高考 I 卷，完形填空）

The letter written by my pen pal arrived yesterday.（2024 全国甲卷，语法填空）

Having studied English for 10 years, she can speak it fluently.（2023 新高考 II 卷，阅读理解）

The building to be built next year will be a hospital.（2023 全国乙卷，语法填空）

Interested in Chinese culture, he decided to learn Chinese.（2022 新高考 I 卷，完形填空）

The students sitting in the front row can hear the teacher clearly.（2022 全国甲卷，语法填空）

Given more time, we could have finished the work better.（2022 新高考 II 卷，阅读理解）

The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday is very important.（2021 全国乙卷，语法填空）

Wanting to improve his English, he joined an English club.（2021 新高考 I 卷，完形填空）

The book to be read this term is about history.（2021 新高考 II 卷，语法填空）

Walking in the forest, we felt the fresh air.（2020 全国甲卷，阅读理解）

The report made by the expert was accepted by everyone.（2020 全国乙卷，语法填空）

Having finished his homework, he began to watch TV.（2024 全国乙卷，完形填空）

The girl invited to the party is my best friend.（2024 新高考 II 卷，语法填空）

Surprised by the news, she couldn’t say a word.（2023 全国甲卷，阅读理解）

The plan to be carried out next month needs to be discussed again.（2023 新高考 I 卷，语法填空）

Reading English every morning is a good habit.（2022 全国乙卷，短文改错）

The picture drawn by my little sister is on the wall.（2022 新高考 II 卷，语法填空）

Having been told many times, he still forgot to bring the book.（2021 全国甲卷，阅读理解）

The meeting being held now is about environmental protection.（2020 新高考 I 卷，语法填空）

（三）it 作形式主语 / 宾语句型（15 句）

It is important that we should protect the environment.（2024 新高考 I 卷，书面表达范文）

I find it easy to learn English grammar.（2024 全国甲卷，完形填空）

It is a pity that you missed the interesting lecture.（2023 新高考 II 卷，阅读理解）

We think it necessary to practice speaking English every day.（2023 全国乙卷，语法填空）

It is well-known that the Great Wall is one of the world’s wonders.（2022 新高考 I 卷，书面表达范文）

She makes it a rule to get up early every morning.（2022 全国甲卷，完形填空）

It is suggested that we should take more exercise.（2022 新高考 II 卷，语法填空）

He found it difficult to solve the math problem.（2021 全国乙卷，阅读理解）

It is possible that we will have a picnic this weekend.（2021 新高考 I 卷，语法填空）

They consider it important to learn a second language.（2021 新高考 II 卷，完形填空）

It is strange that he didn’t come to the meeting.（2020 全国甲卷，语法填空）

I think it helpful to read English newspapers every day.（2020 全国乙卷，书面表达范文）

It takes him an hour to go to school by bike every day.（2024 全国乙卷，语法填空）

We make it a habit to review what we have learned.（2024 新高考 II 卷，完形填空）

It is certain that our life will become better and better.（2023 全国甲卷，阅读理解）

三、复习建议

“句型 + 真题” 结合：每掌握一个句型，就配套分析 5-10 句真题例句，明确考点在真题中的呈现方式；

错题归类整理：将 “省略句漏补主语”“非谓语动词逻辑主语错误” 等典型错题分类，标注错误原因；

仿写与应用：在写作中刻意运用重难点句型，如用 “Only by...can we...” 表达建议，用 “it is important that...” 强调观点，提升写作档次。

通过以上句型精讲和真题例句练习，考生可系统突破高三英语句型难点，在阅读、语法填空、写作等题型中更高效地得分。

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