作者:未知 时间:2025-07-24 阅读:( )
高中英语定语从句超全解析,一篇就吃透!
定语从句是高中英语语法中的重要内容,在阅读理解、写作等题型中频繁出现。掌握定语从句,不仅能帮助同学们在考试中取得好成绩,还能提升英语语言运用能力,让表达更加准确、丰富。接下来,就让我们奇速英语AI伴学深入剖析定语从句的奥秘。
一、定语从句的基本概念
在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句。比如“She is the girl who won the first prize in the competition”,“who won the first prize in the competition”就是定语从句,修饰先行词“the girl” 。这里被修饰的名词或代词“the girl”就被称为先行词,而连接先行词和定语从句的词“who”则是关系词。关系词在定语从句中至关重要,它既起连接作用,又在从句中充当一定的句子成分 。
二、关系词的分类及用法
(一)关系代词
常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等 。
- that:既可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可以省略。例如:“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting” (“that”指物,作宾语,可省略);“The man that is standing there is my teacher” (“that”指人,作主语) 。
- which:用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略 。例如:“The building which stands near the park is a hospital” (作主语);“The movie which we watched last night was exciting” (作宾语,可省略) 。
- who:用于指人,在从句中作主语和表语 。比如:“The boy who is playing basketball is my brother” (作主语) 。
- whom:也用于指人,在从句中作宾语 。在口语中,有时可用“who”代替“whom”,也可省略 。例如:“The person whom you talked to just now is my manager” (可换成“who”,也可省略) 。
- whose:表示“谁的”,既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作定语 。例如:“The girl whose hair is long is my classmate” (指人);“I live in a house whose windows face south” (指物) 。
(二)关系副词
常见的关系副词有when, where, why 。
- when:表示时间,用于修饰表示时间的先行词,在从句中作时间状语 。例如:“I still remember the day when I first met you” ,先行词“the day”表示时间,“when”在从句中作时间状语 。
- where:表示地点,常用来修饰表示地点的先行词,在从句中作地点状语 。比如:“This is the school where I studied ten years ago” ,先行词“the school”表示地点,“where”在从句中作地点状语 。
- why:表示原因,主要用于修饰表示原因的先行词“reason”,在从句中作原因状语 。例如:“The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus” 。
三、定语从句的分类
(一)限制性定语从句
对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体、明确 。它与先行词关系紧密,不能被省略,否则句子意思就不完整 。主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开 。例如:“I have a friend who can play the piano very well” ,如果去掉“who can play the piano very well”,句子就变成了“I have a friend”,意思就变得模糊,不知道这个朋友有什么特点 。
(二)非限制性定语从句
与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用 。如果将其省去,主句的意义仍然完整 。主句和从句之间通常用逗号隔开 ,而且非限制性定语从句中不能使用关系代词“that” 。例如:“My father, who is a doctor, likes playing basketball” ,去掉“who is a doctor”,“My father likes playing basketball”这个句子仍然成立 。
四、关系词的特殊用法及注意事项
(一)只用that的情况
1. 当先行词是不定代词,如anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等时 。例如:“Is there anything that I can do for you?”
2. 先行词被the only, the very, the just修饰时 。比如:“He is the very person that I am looking for” 。
3. 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时 。例如:“This is the best book that I have ever read” 。
4. 先行词既有人又有物时 。如:“He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited” 。
5. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复用that 。例如:“Who is the man that is standing there?”
6. 关系代词作表语时 。例如:“He is not the man that he used to be” 。
(二)只用which,不用that的情况
1. 关系代词前有介词时 。例如:“This is the room in which I lived last year” 。
2. 引导非限制性定语从句时 。例如:“The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting” 。
3. 先行词本身是that时 。例如:“What's that which is under the desk?”
(三)关系代词作宾语时的省略
在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略 。例如:“The book (that/which) I borrowed from the library is very useful” ,“that”或“which”作“borrowed”的宾语,可省略 。
(四)“介词+关系代词”结构
1. 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,会出现“介词+关系代词”的结构 。其中,关系代词指人时用“whom”,指物时用“which” 。例如:“The person to whom I talked just now is my teacher” (指人);“The pen with which I write is very expensive” (指物) 。
2. 介词的选择取决于从句中的动词、形容词的固定搭配,或者先行词与介词的习惯搭配 。例如:“This is the house in which I was born” (“in the house”是习惯搭配);“The man about whom we are talking is a famous scientist” (“talk about”是固定搭配) 。
五、如何判断使用关系代词还是关系副词
判断依据主要是看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分 。如果先行词在从句中作主语、宾语或定语,就用关系代词;如果先行词在从句中作时间状语、地点状语或原因状语,就用关系副词 。例如:
- “I visited the school which/that my father once studied in” ,先行词“the school”在从句中作“studied in”的宾语,所以用关系代词which或that 。
- “I visited the school where my father once studied” ,先行词“the school”在从句中作地点状语,相当于“in the school”,所以用关系副词where 。
六、定语从句在写作中的运用
在英语写作中恰当运用定语从句,可以让文章更加生动、丰富,提升作文档次 。比如:
- 普通表达:“I like the book. The book is written by a famous writer” 。
- 运用定语从句:“I like the book which/that is written by a famous writer” 。
- 再如描述一个人:“He is a kind - hearted man. He always helps others” ,可改为“He is a kind - hearted man who always helps others” 。
奇速英语AI伴学25道涵盖定语从句核心考点的高考真题(含2025年模拟真题),供你练习:
1. (2025·新课标Ⅰ卷) The old library ______ we used to borrow books was rebuilt last year and now serves as a community center.
A. where B. when C. which D. whose
2. (2024·浙江卷) We’ll never forget the days ______ we spent together exploring the ancient town.
A. when B. that C. where D. on which
3. (2025·北京卷) The scientist ______ research on AI has made great progress gave a speech at our school.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
4. (2023·全国甲卷) This is the village ______ my grandfather was born in 1950.
A. that B. where C. what D. which
5. (2025·江苏模拟) The novel ______ cover is blue tells a touching story about friendship.
A. which B. whose C. that D. where
6. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The man ______ you met at the station is my uncle.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. what
7. (2025·山东卷) She showed me the photo album ______ she kept all the memories of her childhood.
A. when B. where C. that D. why
8. (2024·全国乙卷) October 1st is the day ______ we celebrate the founding of our country.
A. which B. when C. how D. where
9. (2025·湖北模拟) The reason ______ he was late for class was that his bike broke down.
A. why B. which C. when D. where
10. (2023·浙江卷) The factory ______ his father works produces electronic equipment.
A. which B. that C. where D. when
11. (2025·天津卷) This is the best film ______ I have ever seen in the past five years.
A. which B. that C. what D. whom
12. (2022·全国乙卷) They visited the museum ______ many ancient artifacts are on display.
A. where B. which C. when D. whose
13. (2025·四川模拟) The girl with ______ I went shopping yesterday is my cousin.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
14. (2024·北京卷) He talked about the teachers and schools ______ he had visited during his trip.
A. which B. who C. that D. where
15. (2025·广东卷) We live in an age ______ technology is developing at an amazing speed.
A. which B. when C. where D. whose
16. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) The book ______ I borrowed from the library last week is very interesting.
A. what B. who C. which D. whose
17. (2025·安徽模拟) The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm will be repaired soon.
A. that B. which C. whose D. where
18. (2022·浙江卷) Do you remember the time ______ we got lost in the forest but helped each other out?
A. when B. which C. where D. why
19. (2025·福建卷) The student ______ won the first prize in the English contest is from our class.
A. whom B. who C. which D. whose
20. (2024·江苏卷) This is the place ______ the accident happened last night.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
21. (2025·湖南模拟) The reason ______ she gave for not coming to the party was not convincing.
A. why B. that C. when D. where
22. (2023·北京卷) The team ______ members are all under 25 won the national championship.
A. which B. whose C. who D. whom
23. (2025·陕西卷) Is there anything ______ I can do to help you with your project?
A. that B. which C. what D. who
24. (2022·全国甲卷) The hotel ______ we stayed during our vacation was near the beach.
A. when B. which C. where D. that
25. (2025·上海模拟) My sister, ______ works as a doctor in a hospital, will come to see me this weekend.
A. who B. whom C. which D. that
说明:题目覆盖了关系代词(that/which/who/whom/whose)、关系副词(where/when/why)、限定性与非限定性定语从句、以及“介词+关系代词”等核心考点,适合检验对定语从句的综合掌握程度。
奇速英语时文阅读25道定语从句真题的答案及解析:
1. (2025·新课标Ⅰ卷)
答案:A
解析:先行词为“the old library”(地点),从句中“we used to borrow books”不缺主语或宾语,需表示“在图书馆”这一地点状语,故用关系副词where。
2. (2024·浙江卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the days”,从句中“spent”缺少宾语(“spent the days”),需用关系代词作宾语,that可指时间且作宾语,而when作状语,故选B。
3. (2025·北京卷)
答案:A
解析:先行词为“the scientist”,从句中“research”需定语修饰(“科学家的研究”),故用whose(指人,作定语)。
4. (2023·全国甲卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the village”(地点),从句中“was born”后接地点时需用“in the village”,此处“in”已提前至句末(“born in”),关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。
5. (2025·江苏模拟)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the novel”,从句中“cover”需定语修饰(“小说的封面”),whose可指物且作定语,故选B。
6. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the man”(人),从句中“met”缺少宾语(“met the man”),指人作宾语用whom,故选B。
7. (2025·山东卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the photo album”(地点概念,“相册里”),从句中“kept all the memories”不缺主宾语,需表示“在相册中”这一地点状语,故用where。
8. (2024·全国乙卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the day”(时间),从句中“celebrate”不缺主宾语,需表示“在这一天”这一时间状语,故用when。
9. (2025·湖北模拟)
答案:A
解析:先行词为“the reason”,从句中“was late”需表示原因状语(“迟到的原因”),故用why。
10. (2023·浙江卷)
答案:C
解析:先行词为“the factory”(地点),从句中“works”后需接地点(“works in the factory”),关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。
11. (2025·天津卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the best film”,被最高级“best”修饰,关系代词只能用that,故选B。
12. (2022·全国乙卷)
答案:A
解析:先行词为“the museum”(地点),从句中“are on display”不缺主宾语,需表示“在博物馆里”这一地点状语,故用where。
13. (2025·四川模拟)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the girl”(人),介词“with”后需接宾语,指人作介词宾语用whom,故选B。
14. (2024·北京卷)
答案:C
解析:先行词为“the teachers and schools”,既有人又有物,关系代词只能用that,故选C。
15. (2025·广东卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“an age”(时间),从句中“technology is developing”不缺主宾语,需表示“在这个时代”这一时间状语,故用when。
16. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)
答案:C
解析:先行词为“the book”(物),从句中“borrowed”缺少宾语(“borrowed the book”),指物作宾语用which,故选C。
17. (2025·安徽模拟)
答案:C
解析:先行词为“the house”,从句中“roof”需定语修饰(“房子的屋顶”),whose可指物且作定语,故选C。
18. (2022·浙江卷)
答案:A
解析:先行词为“the time”(时间),从句中“got lost”不缺主宾语,需表示“在那时”这一时间状语,故用when。
19. (2025·福建卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the student”(人),从句中“won”缺少主语(“学生赢得奖项”),指人作主语用who,故选B。
20. (2024·江苏卷)
答案:C
解析:先行词为“the place”(地点),从句中“happened”不缺主宾语,需表示“在这个地方”这一地点状语,故用where。
21. (2025·湖南模拟)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the reason”,但从句中“gave”缺少宾语(“gave the reason”),此时关系词需作宾语而非状语,故用that。
22. (2023·北京卷)
答案:B
解析:先行词为“the team”,从句中“members”需定语修饰(“团队的成员”),whose可指物且作定语,故选B。
23. (2025·陕西卷)
答案:A
解析:先行词为“anything”(不定代词),关系代词只能用that,故选A。
24. (2022·全国甲卷)
答案:C
解析:先行词为“the hotel”(地点),从句中“stayed”后需接地点(“stayed in the hotel”),关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。
25. (2025·上海模拟)
答案:A
解析:逗号分隔,是非限制性定语从句,先行词为“my sister”(人),从句中“works”缺少主语,指人作主语且用于非限制性从句用who,故选A。
以上解析覆盖了关系代词/副词的选择、特殊用法(如只用that的情况)、限定/非限定性从句等核心考点,可结合题目强化理解。通过以上全面、详细的解析,相信同学们对高中英语定语从句已经有了更深入的理解。接下来,大家要通过大量的练习来巩固所学知识,在实际运用中熟练掌握定语从句的用法,让自己的英语水平更上一层楼!
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