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2020高考英语“ 代词 ”考点一遍过,超全考点梳理+易错点拨!

更新时间:2020-04-11浏览:评论: 条

代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

 

1. 人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表:
人称
我们
你们
他们 
主格
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
2. 物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表   
人称
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他们的
形容词性
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
they
名词性   
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
3. 反身代词可见下表
人称

我们

你们

他们 

反身代词

myself

 yourself

 himself

 herself

 itself

ourselves

yourself

themselves

指示代词有:this, that, these, those
疑问代词有:who, whom whose, what, which,
还有疑问副词:when, how, where, why。
不定代词主要有:some, any, many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either…

 

1. 物主代词的用法

 

形容词性物主代词:作定语,相当形容词,不能单独使用,后面必须加名词;

名词性物主代词:不作定语,相当名词词组,可单独使用,后面不须加名词。

如:Here is my sister. Her name is Jenny.(形容词性物主代词)

Is that coffee yours or hers? (名词性物主代词)

 

2. 反身代词的用法

 

teach oneself  自学  

speak/say to oneself 自言自语

by oneself独自地     

help oneself to 随便吃……

enjoy oneself 玩得开心

make yourself at home 请自便

 

3. 指示代词的用法: 主要有四个,即this, that, these 和 those

 

1)指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,例如:

           单数            复数

限定词:This girl is Mary.    Those men are my teachers.

代  词:This is Mary.         Those are my teachers.

 

♣1, 为避免重复,可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。如:

The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school.(that=the playground)

My seat is next to that of the mayor.     

我的座位在市长座位旁边。

 

♣2. 用来回指上文提到的事情时,可用this 或 that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this .如:

——She is a beautiful girl.

——Who said that?

I want to know this: Is she beautiful?

 

♣3. 在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用that指对方:

Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?

 

4. 疑问代词的用法

疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句。

注意:1. what与 which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用 which;当选择的范围不明确时,用 what。

如:Which color do you like, red, black or white?    

红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?

What color is your car? 

你的汽车是什么颜色的?

 

5. 不定代词的用法

1)定义:不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。

2)种类

英语中不定代词有:

some(something,somebody,someone,somewhere),

any(anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere), no(nothing,nobody,no one),

every(everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere),all,each,both,much,many,(a)

little,(a) few,other(s),another,none,one,either, neither等。

 

♣1. some和 any的比较

不定代词some,any都是“一些”的意思,都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。

some一般用于肯定句中;

any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中.

 

♣注意:在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any。

如:Will you lend me some money?    可以借些钱给我吗?

 
一、 人称代词
 
1.人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下四种情况:
 
①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。
—Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
—Why me?John is sitting there doing nothing.
 
②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。
The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he替代)
They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)
 
③作表语的人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。
I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.
 
④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别:
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him,too.
 
2.两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:
 
在并列主语中,"I"总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。
You,she and I will be in charge of the case.
Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.
 
1.(2018·新课标卷II·短文改错)As  kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to  them, my parents would not  let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.
【答案】us改为me
【解析】句意:他们会对我说玩纸牌有助于大脑。偷换人称代词,是对“我”说,前面提到的I,而不是we。故把us改为me。
 
2. (2018·新课标卷III·语法填空)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____68____(they) alive.
【答案】them
【解析】此处做find 的宾语,所以用宾格them。
 
二、 物主代词
 
1.注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。
 
2.one’s own...=...of one’s own句式的转换。
 
3.某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。
take sb.by the arm,be wounded in the leg
 
三、 反身代词
 
1.反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。
 
2.反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语。
devote oneself to致力于
dress oneself自己穿衣
enjoy oneself过得快活
feel oneself觉得正常
 
3.反身代词还可用于某些成语中。
for oneself为自己;独立地
of oneself自然地;自动地
by oneself独自地
in oneself本身
 
1.(2019·新课标卷III·短文改错)In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that is created for them.
【答案】yourselves改为themselves
【解析】考查代词的用法。customers是句子的主语,故把 yourselves改为 themselves。
 
2.(2019·北京卷·语法填空)Nervously __facing_   (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to ___3___(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.
【答案】myself
【解析】考查代词。句意:紧张地面对挑战,我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“做你自己”。本句的主语是I,当宾语与主语是同一人称时,宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。
 
3.(2018·新课标卷III·短文改错)Some of us were confident and eager  take part in the class activity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done  homework but I was shy.
【答案】myself改为my/the
【解析】句意:我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用my不用myself,或改为定冠词the也可以。
 
四、 相互代词(each other,one another)
 
相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s,one another’s,作定语。
 
一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。
 
五、指示代词(this,that,these,those,such,same)
 
指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。
 
1.指示代词this(these)和that(those)的区别。
 
①this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
This is my desk and that is yours.
In those days they could not go to school.
 
②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。
I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.
He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.
 
③为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.
The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.
 
④this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍,that用于询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。
Can hard work change a person that much?
 
考向1 对替代词的考查
 
1. that(those), one(ones)和it(的替代用法)
 

代词

用法

it

特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物

that

可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词,指代单数可数名词相当于the one。其复数形式为those,相当于the ones

one

指代前面出现过的那类事物中的"一个",其复数形式为ones

those

指"the+名词复数(尤其是有后置定语时)"

—Did you get a ticket?
——你搞到票了吗?
 
—Yes, I managed to get one.
——是的,我设法搞到了一张。
 
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou.北京的天气比广州冷。
 
Studying Wendy’s menu,I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald’s.研究了温迪的菜单,我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。
 
The weather here is too cold. I don’t like it.
这儿的天气太冷了,我不喜欢这儿的天气。
 
说明:①one和that都可以用来替代上文中所出现的名词,有时可以互换;但是在下列情况下不可以互换:
 

只能用that

只能用one

that既可替代可数名词,也可替代不可数名词,常要求有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those。

one只能替代可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one

 
②the ones用来替代上文提到的特指的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。
 
The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的好。
Only those(the ones)who had booked in advance were allowed in.只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。
但是,the ones中的ones根据情况可用形容词修饰,而those不可以。
—Which do you want?你想要哪个?
—I’ll have the red ones.我要红色的。
Don’t buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones.别买那价钱贵的苹果,买那便宜的。
 

【知识链接】

1. 当替代词one / ones 紧跟在形容词最高级、序数词以及this, that, these, those, which, either, neither, another等限定词之后时,通常可以省略。如:

  I think my dog’s the fastest (one). 我想我的狗是跑得最快的(一只)。

  Either (one) will suit me. (这两个当中)哪一个对我都合适。

  Let’s have another (one). 咱们再来一个吧。

  She looked at each (one) carefully before she chose. 她仔细地看了看每一个,然后才挑选。

  Which (one) would you like?—That (one) looks the nicest. 您要哪一个?——看起来那个最好。

  2. 复数形式的ones之前一般不直接用名词所有格、物主代词、数词以及 some, any, both, several, dozen, own 等词修饰。如:

  Have you got any drawing-pins? Can I borrow some please? 你有图钉吗?我能借一些吗? (不能说:…some ones?)

  Do you have any new diaries?—We don’t have any at the moment. 你有没有新的日记本?——我们眼下一本也没有了。(不能说:... any ones? )

  He has three dictionaries and I have only two. 他有三本词典,但我只有两本。(不能说:... two ones.)

  注:如果ones前有描绘性形容词修饰,则可以使用上述词语。如:

  误:her ones / some ones / any ones / five ones / your own ones

  正:her red ones / some new ones / any old ones / five bad ones / your own nice ones

  在美国英语中,ones不能紧跟在these和those之后。但是在英国英语中可以这样用(也不常见)。

  3. 当一个名词受另一个名词修饰时,通常不宜用one(s)来替代。如:

  Do you need coffee cups or tea cups? 你们需要咖啡杯还是要茶杯? (不能说:... or tea ones? )

  但若一个名词受表材料的名词修饰,可用one(s)替代。如:

  We can lend you plastic chairs or metal ones. 我们可以借给你塑料椅子或者金属椅子。

 
1.(2019·天津卷·单项填空)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are not.
A. onesB. those
C. theseD. them
【答案】B
【解析】考查代词。句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词与the students是对应关系,可以用the ones或者those替代。“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词,不能与the students形成对应关系。“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。故选B。
 
2.(2016·浙江卷)In many ways , the education system in the US is not very different from _______ in the UK.
A. that             B. this          C. one              D. it
【答案】A
【解析】句意:在许多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系大不相同。that指代上文的the education system。it指代的是同一种事或物。one是泛指,指代同类中的一个。故选A。
 
3.Usually there might be a lot of accidents in the heavy fog. I happened to witness _______ this morning.
A. itB. those C. one            D. that
【答案与解析】C
【解析】句意:通常在大雾天会有很多事故。今天早上我碰巧目击了一起事故。根据语境可知,此处指上句提到的"一起交通事故",故用one代替。即C项正确。
 
4.I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy _______.
  A. one       B. it            C. this     D. that
【答案】B
【解析】it=the house with a beautiful garden in front。句意:我很喜欢屋前有一个美丽花园的这栋房子,但是我没有足够的钱去把它买下来。
 
5.Studying Wendy's menu, I found that many of the items are similar to _______ of McDonald's .
A. those        B. ones          C. any             D. all
【答案】A
【解析】those=the ones, 代指前面的many of the items,表示复数、特指,被of McDonald’s修饰,符合语境。ones表示复数、泛指;any任何一个;all全部,均不符合语境,故排除。句意:研究一下Wendy餐馆的菜单,我发现其中许多与麦当劳的菜单项目非常相似。
  
考向2 对both,all,either,any,neither,none 的考查
 
1.The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but _______ contained any useful suggestions.
A. allB. noneC. eitherD. neither
【答案】D
【解析】all全部;none没有一个;either两个中任何一个;两者都不。根据该句意思:那个研究小组在调査的基础上得出了两个报告,但是两个报告里面都没有任何有用的建议。故选D。
 
2.—When shall I call , in the morning or afternoon?
—_______. I’ll be in all day .
A. Any  B. None  C. Neither  D. Either
【答案】D
【解析】句意:"我什么时候打电话过来?早晨还是下午?""都可以,我一直都在。"根据句意可知是在"早晨和下午这两种情况中做出选择"。AB通常都表示三者或者三者以上的情况,neither表示两者都不。故D正确。
 
3.Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost _______ of her enthusiasm for life.
A. no one B. neither C .none D. all
【答案】C
【解析】no one没有人;neither表示否定两者,题干没有两者提示,因此不选;表示三者以上的否定意用none。句意:罗斯玛丽这么多年遭受了严重疾病所带来的痛苦,但是她一点也没有丧失对生活的热情。
 
4.My brother would like to buy a good watch but _______ was available from that shop.
A. nothingB. noneC. no oneD. neither
【答案】B
【解析】这里要注意是在那家店里没有买到,就是说店里的任何一块表都不可用的,有一个特定的范围,用none。nothing指物,什么都不是;none既可指人也可指物,强调"没有一个";no one只能指人;neither表两者都不,故此题选B。句意:我哥哥想买一块好表,但是在那家店里没有合适的。
 
考向3 对 another,the other,other,others,the others 的考查
 

代词

用法

other

不能单独使用,只能修饰名词,表示泛指意义

the other

the other可单独使用,特指两个人或物中的"另一个";也可修饰名词,表示

"另外的……"

another

单独使用或修饰单数可数名词,表示泛指"另一,再一";泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的"另一个"。另外another后可接"基数词/few+复数名词"形式,表示"另外的……(多少)"

others

单独使用,表示泛指意义,意为"其他的人或事物",常与some一起出现

the others

意为"剩余的一些"

His parents both work in a hospital. One is a doctor and the other is a nurse.
他父母都在一家医院工作。一个是医生,一个是护士。
When Americans moved from one place to another,they took their dialects with them.
当美国人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方时,他们带着自己的方言。
You are a team star!Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是队里的明星!与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。
I have three daughters. One is a nurse,another is a teacher and still another is a worker.
我有三个女儿。一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人。
We need another few chairs.我们还需要几把椅子。
 
1.(2018·新课标卷I·短文改错) The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and  another animals.
【答案】another改为other
【解析】他们住在一个小房子里,院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知,将another改成other。
 
2.—Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen, dear?
—_______ one?                                                                
A. Other               B. Every             C. Another           D. More
【答案】C
【解析】another 与数词连用时,数词放在another的后面,如another three chairs; other和more与数词连用时,数词放在它们的前面,如one more apple, two other boys;every指每一个,含义与all接近。因此选C。句意:"亲爱的,可不可以到厨房里给我拿一块巧克力来?""还要吃一块?"
 
3.To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered _______.
A. the other    B. otherC. the others   D. another
【答案】D
【解析】两者中另一个用"the other"。不定数目(两个以上)中的另一个用"another"句意:为了保持清醒,他喝完了一杯咖啡,又要了一杯。
 
4.You are the team star! Working with _______ is really your cup of tea.
A. both           B. either             C. others          D. the other
【答案】C
【解析】句意:你是球队明星!与他人合作必定是你的拿手好戏。习语"one’s cup of tea"意为"the type of thing or person that you like"。
 
5.Neither side is prepared to talk to _______ unless we can smooth thing over between them.
A. others          B. the other         C. another      D. one other
【答案】B
【解析】neither含有"两者都不"之意,一方对应另一方,故用the other指"两者中的另一个"。句意:除非我们能够清除他们之间的障碍,否则双方没有一方愿意同另一方谈话。
 
考向4 对 it的考查
 
it的特殊用法
 
(1)作形式主语或形式宾语代指不定式、动词-ing形式、名词性从句。
I find it difficult to do the job well.
我发现做好这件工作不容易。
 
(2)表示"喜欢、恨"等心理方面的动词后面接it,构成固定结构,这类动词有enjoy,prefer,love,like,hate,dislike,appreciate等。
We really appreciate it when she offered to help.
她来帮忙了,我们十分感激。
 
(3)it在固定结构中的用法:
make it成功;
take it that...假设,以为……;
when it comes to...当谈到……时;
rely on/depend on/count on it that...相信……
You may rely on it that he’ll come to meet you.
你放心,他会来接你的。
 
1.(2018年·浙江卷·语法填空)Many westerners   57 who/that   come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap   58   can be to eat out.
【答案】it
【解析】考查it用法。句子为感叹句,正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out.其中不定式to eat out是真正主语,用it 是形式主语。故填it。
 
2.I’m afraid you can’t _______ to the village in an hour; you must allow for the icy road.
A. get it         B. take itC. leave it       D. make it
【答案】D
【解析】句意:恐怕你不能在一小时后到达那个村庄;你必须考虑到路面结冰。get it弄明白;take it认为;leave it把它遗留在某地;make it及时抵达,成功。
 
3.—Alice, turn off the light and lock the door before you leave.
—_______.
A. Got it                 B. Made itC. Heard it      D. Taken it
【答案】A
【解析】句意:"爱丽丝,离开之前把灯关掉,把门锁好。" "知道了。"got it知道,明白;made it约定时间,做成某事。故选A。
 
4.—Mom. I came first in the National Basic Skill Competition.
—Well done! _______.
A. Keep it up     B. Take it easy    C. Catch it      D. Hold it.
【答案】A
【解析】keep it up"继续努力;再接再厉",符合题意。take it easy别着急;放松;catch it受罚;受责罚;hold it稍等;别动。句意:"妈妈,我在国家基本技能大赛上得了第一名。""做得太棒了!要再接再厉"
 

 

 

 

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