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高一英语学习重点:语法筑基、语句升级与能力融合的进阶指南

更新时间:2025-10-24浏览:评论: 条

一、语法重点:构建 “体系化网络”,破解高中语法 “碎片化” 难题
初中语法多为 “分散讲解”,如初一学 “一般现在时”,初三学 “简单定语从句”;而高一语法是 “体系化整合与延伸”,需将初中零散知识点串联成网,同时攻克 “非谓语动词、复合句、时态语态综合运用” 三大核心难点,这三大难点不仅是高一月考、期中 / 期末考的高频考点,更是高考语法填空、短文改错的核心考查内容。
1. 非谓语动词:高一语法 “第一难点”,贯穿高中三年
非谓语动词(动词不定式 to do、现在分词 doing、过去分词 done)是高一语法的 “入门坎”,也是学生最易混淆的知识点。初中仅接触 “doing/done 作定语”(如 a running boy、broken glass),而高一需掌握其 “作主语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语” 的完整用法,且要区分 “主动 / 被动、进行 / 完成” 的含义差异。
学习重点
  • 明确 “三种非谓语动词的核心功能”:
  • to do:表 “目的、将来、主动”(如 To learn English well is important. 表目的;He wants to go to college. 表将来);
  • doing:表 “主动、进行、伴随”(如 Walking in the park, I saw a bird. 表伴随;She enjoys reading novels. 表主动);
  • done:表 “被动、完成”(如 The broken cup was thrown away. 表完成;Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. 表被动)。
  • 牢记 “高频动词的非谓语搭配”:
  • 后接 to do 的动词:want(想要)、hope(希望)、decide(决定)、manage(设法)(如 She decided to study abroad.);
  • 后接 doing 的动词:enjoy(喜欢)、practice(练习)、mind(介意)、avoid(避免)(如 He practices speaking English every day.);
  • 后接 to do/doing 含义不同的动词:forget(forget to do 表 “忘记要做某事”,forget doing 表 “忘记做过某事”)、remember(同理)、stop(stop to do 表 “停下来去做另一件事”,stop doing 表 “停止正在做的事”)。
实战技巧:遇到非谓语题目时,先判断 “逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系”(主动用 doing/to do,被动用 done),再结合 “时间关系”(将来用 to do,进行用 doing,完成用 having done/done)。例如:“______(finish)his homework, he went out to play.” 逻辑主语 “he” 与 “finish” 是主动关系,且 “完成作业” 发生在 “出去玩” 之前,故填 Having finished。
2. 复合句:从 “简单从句” 到 “多从句嵌套”,提升语句逻辑
初中仅学习 “that/which/who 引导的定语从句”“if/because 引导的简单状语从句”,而高一需系统掌握 “定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句” 三大类复合句,并能应对 “多从句嵌套” 的复杂句式(如含定语从句的宾语从句、含状语从句的定语从句)。
学习重点
  • 定语从句:突破 “关系副词 where/when/why” 与 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构(如 The house where he lives is big. / The house in which he lives is big.),区分 “限制性定语从句”(不可省略,修饰先行词,如 The girl who is wearing red is my friend.)与 “非限制性定语从句”(可省略,补充说明,用逗号隔开,如 His father, who is a doctor, works in a big hospital.);
  • 状语从句:掌握 “让步状语从句(though/although/even if)、条件状语从句(unless/as long as)、目的状语从句(so that/in order that)”,重点学习 “though 与 but 不能连用”“unless=if not” 等易错点(如 Though it rained heavily, we still went to school. 不能说 Though it rained heavily, but we still went to school.);
  • 名词性从句:区分 “主语从句(What he said is true.)、宾语从句(I don't know where he is.)、表语从句(This is why I was late.)、同位语从句(The news that he won the prize is exciting.)”,牢记 “that 无意义不充当成分,what 表‘…… 的事物’充当主语 / 宾语”(如 What he needs is a book. 中 what 作 needs 的宾语;That he needs a book is true. 中 that 仅起连接作用)。
实战技巧:分析复合句时,用 “分层法” 先找主句主干,再拆解从句成分。例如:“I know the girl who is talking to the teacher who taught us last year.” 主句是 “I know the girl”,第一层从句是 “who is talking to the teacher”(定语从句,修饰 girl),第二层从句是 “who taught us last year”(定语从句,修饰 teacher)。
3. 时态语态综合运用:突破 “时态混淆”,适配语境需求
初中学习 “一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时” 等基础时态,而高一需新增 “过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时”,并掌握 “时态与语态(主动 / 被动)的结合运用”,这是高一阅读、写作中最易出错的知识点。
学习重点
  • 重点时态的 “时间标志与核心含义”:
  • 过去完成时(had done):表 “过去的过去”,时间标志如 by last year、before I came here(如 By 2023, he had lived in Beijing for 10 years.);
  • 现在完成进行时(have/has been doing):表 “从过去持续到现在,仍在进行”,时间标志如 since last month、for three years(如 He has been studying English since he was 5.);
  • 将来完成时(will have done):表 “到将来某时已完成”,时间标志如 by next year、by the end of this term(如 By next December, we will have finished this course.);
  • 语态的 “主动与被动转换”:重点掌握 “不及物动词无被动”(如 happen、occur、appear,不能说 The accident was happened.)、“情态动词的被动结构”(can be done、must be done,如 The work must be finished today.)。
实战技巧:判断时态时,先找 “时间标志词”,再结合 “语境中的动作先后关系”;判断语态时,看 “主语与谓语动词的关系”(主动则用主动语态,被动则用被动语态)。例如:“The letter ______(write)by my brother yesterday.” 时间标志是 yesterday(一般过去时),主语 the letter 与 write 是被动关系,故填 was written。
二、语句重点:从 “简单表达” 到 “逻辑化、多样化”,打造高分语句
初中语句以 “主谓宾简单句” 为主(如 I like apples. He goes to school.),而高一要求 “语句逻辑化、多样化”—— 不仅要会用 “复合句” 表达复杂逻辑,还要掌握 “衔接词、强调句、倒装句” 等进阶句式,让语句从 “通顺” 升级为 “出彩”,这直接影响高一英语写作、口语的分数档次。
1. 衔接词:构建 “语句逻辑链”,避免 “句子堆砌”
初中写作多为 “句子简单罗列”(如 I get up early. I wash my face. I eat breakfast.),而高一需用 “衔接词” 串联句子,体现 “并列、转折、因果、递进” 等逻辑关系,这是高一写作从 “及格” 到 “良好” 的关键。
高频衔接词分类与运用
  • 并列关系:and→besides、in addition、what's more(如 I like English. Besides, I am good at math.);
  • 转折关系:but→however、nevertheless、on the other hand(如 He is rich. However, he is not happy.);
  • 因果关系:so→therefore、as a result、consequently(如 He studied hard. Therefore, he passed the exam.);
  • 递进关系:and→furthermore、moreover(如 The movie is interesting. Furthermore, it has a deep meaning.);
  • 总结关系:in short→in conclusion、in summary、to sum up(如 In conclusion, we should protect the environment.)。
实战示例
初中版:I like reading. I read English books every day. I learn a lot from them.
高一版:I like reading. What's more, I read English books every day. As a result, I learn a lot from them.(用衔接词体现递进与因果关系,逻辑更清晰)。
2. 强调句与倒装句:打造 “语句亮点”,提升表达档次
强调句与倒装句是高一语句的 “加分项”,虽不属基础必考点,但能让写作、口语表达更具感染力,是高一优等生拉开分数差距的关键。
学习重点
  • 强调句(It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他):用于强调 “主语、宾语、状语”(如 He met Mary in the park yesterday. → 强调主语:It was he that met Mary in the park yesterday. → 强调地点:It was in the park that he met Mary yesterday.);
  • 注意:强调人时可用 who/that,强调物 / 时间 / 地点时只能用 that;去掉 It is/was...that 后,句子仍完整(如上述例句去掉 It was...that 后,He met Mary in the park yesterday. 仍成立)。
  • 倒装句(部分倒装:助动词 / 情态动词提前):常见于 “否定词开头、only + 状语开头、so/such...that... 结构”(如 Never have I seen such a beautiful place. / Only by working hard can we succeed. / So beautiful is the girl that everyone likes her.);
  • 注意:“only + 主语” 开头不倒装(如 Only he knows the answer. 不倒装),“only + 状语” 开头才倒装(如 Only yesterday did he know the answer. 倒装)。
实战示例
普通句:We should protect the environment.
强调句:It is the environment that we should protect.(强调宾语,突出 “环境” 的重要性);
普通句:We can succeed only by working hard.
倒装句:Only by working hard can we succeed.(强调 “努力” 的必要性,表达更有力)。
3. 语句改写:从 “简单句” 到 “复合句”,提升表达复杂度
高一阶段需掌握 “简单句改写为复合句” 的技巧,将多个简单句整合为 “含从句的复杂句”,这是适应高一阅读长难句、提升写作表达的核心能力。
常见改写方法
  • 用定语从句整合 “修饰同一名词的句子”(如 I have a friend. He likes playing basketball. → I have a friend who likes playing basketball.);
  • 用状语从句整合 “有逻辑关系的句子”(如 He was tired. He kept working. → Though he was tired, he kept working. 表让步;He studied hard. He passed the exam. → Because he studied hard, he passed the exam. 表因果);
  • 用名词性从句整合 “观点与内容”(如 He said something. It is important. → What he said is important. 主语从句;I know it. He will come. → I know that he will come. 宾语从句)。
实战示例
简单句组合:The boy is my classmate. He won the English competition. He is from Shanghai.
高一复合句:The boy who won the English competition, who is from Shanghai, is my classmate.(含两个定语从句,表达更简洁、逻辑更紧密)。
三、词汇与读写:从 “基础积累” 到 “深度运用”,融合能力培养
高一英语学习不仅是 “语法与语句” 的专项突破,还需同步提升 “词汇深度积累” 与 “读写能力融合”—— 词汇从 “记词义” 升级为 “记搭配、辨差异”,阅读从 “找细节” 升级为 “析逻辑、悟观点”,写作从 “写事件” 升级为 “表观点、重逻辑”,这四大能力共同构成高一英语的 “核心素养”。
1. 词汇重点:从 “单义记忆” 到 “搭配与辨析”
初中词汇多为 “单义、常用词”(如 course 表 “课程”),而高一词汇需掌握 “一词多义、熟词生义、固定搭配、同义词辨析”,高考 3500 词中约 60% 需在高一完成初步积累。
学习重点
  • 一词多义与熟词生义:如 “course” 除 “课程” 外,还表 “航线”(the course of a ship)、“进程”(the course of history);“run” 除 “跑” 外,还表 “经营”(run a company)、“运转”(The machine runs well.);
  • 固定搭配:如 “devote” 常与 to 搭配(devote oneself to doing sth.,如 He devoted himself to teaching.);“accuse” 常与 of 搭配(accuse sb. of sth.,如 She accused him of lying.);
  • 同义词辨析:如 “say/speak/talk/tell” 的差异(say + 内容,speak + 语言,talk+with/to,tell+sb. sth.);“because/since/as” 的差异(because 表直接原因,since/as 表 “既然、由于”,语气较弱)。
学习方法:用 “语境记忆法” 结合奇速英语时文阅读的 “高中基础篇”(如《The Importance of Time Management》),在文中标注 “course(进程)、devote to(致力于)” 等词汇的用法,同时整理 “词汇笔记本”,记录 “搭配、例句、辨析点”,避免 “记了词义,不会运用”。
2. 阅读重点:从 “细节查找” 到 “逻辑分析与观点判断”
初中阅读多为 “200-300 词的记叙文”,题目侧重 “细节查找”(如 What time did he get up?);而高一阅读升级为 “300-500 词的议论文、夹叙夹议文”,题目需 “分析作者态度、梳理篇章逻辑、判断观点意图”(如 What is the author's attitude towards the Internet?)。
学习重点
  • 抓 “篇章结构”:通过 “首段、尾段、段落首尾句” 判断文章主旨(如议论文常为 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构,首段提出观点,中间段论证,尾段总结);
  • 析 “逻辑关系”:标注文中 “因果、转折、对比” 等逻辑词(如 because、however、while),梳理 “观点 - 例证、问题 - 解决方案” 的逻辑链(如文中 “People face many problems. First... Second... To solve these problems... ”);
  • 判 “作者态度”:通过 “褒贬词汇”(如 positive、negative、objective)、“语气词”(如 fortunately、unfortunately)判断作者立场(如文中用 “useful、helpful” 等词,表明作者持肯定态度)。
实战技巧:用奇速英语时文阅读的 “高一同步篇”(如《Should Students Have Part-Time Jobs?》)进行训练,每读完一篇,用 “思维导图” 画出 “论点 1 + 论据 1、论点 2 + 论据 2” 的逻辑结构,同时标注 “作者支持 / 反对的理由”,逐步培养 “深度阅读” 能力。
3. 写作重点:从 “简单叙事” 到 “观点明确、逻辑连贯的议论文 / 应用文”
初中写作多为 “80-100 词的记叙文”(如 My Weekend),而高一写作要求 “100-120 词的应用文”(如建议信、演讲稿)或 “150 词左右的议论文”,需 “结构清晰、论点明确、衔接自然”。
学习重点
  • 应用文:掌握 “书信、演讲稿、倡议书” 的固定格式(如书信需有 “称呼、正文、祝福语、署名、日期”;演讲稿需有 “开场问候、主题引入、观点展开、结尾呼吁”)

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