上海牛津版8B阅读A篇专题

一、寻找主题句

1. 主题句在段首

一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。

Sample 1

People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.

 

2. 主题句在段尾

作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。

Sample 2

Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.

 

3. 主题句在段中

当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.

Sample 3

Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.

 

二、寻找结论句及作者的写作意图

Sample

A boy and his father were walking in the mountains. Suddenly the boy fell, hurt him and cried "AAAhhhhhh!" To his surprise, he heard the voice repeating, somewhere in the mountain, "AAAhhhhhh!"

Then the boy shouted. "Who are you?" He received the answer. "Who are you?" He got angry at the answer, so he shouted, "Foolish!" He received the answer."

Foolish!" He looked at his father and asked, "What is going on?" The father smiled and said." My son, listen. "And then he shouted to the mountain. "I love you!" The voice answered, "I love you!"

Again the man cried, "You are the best!" The voice answered, "You are the best!"

The boy was surprised, but did not understand. Then the father explained, "People call this 'Echo', but really this is life. It gives you back everything you say or do our life is just a reflection of what we have done. If you want more love in the world, have more love in your heart. If you want to be successful, work hard. This can be used in everything in life. Life will give you back everything you have given to it."

（文章先写回声这一自然现象，然后类比到生活现象，从而提出自己的写作意图，have more love in your heart/work hard, 我们要给予，才能有所回报，这样的文章很多时候会考到作者的写作意图，我们就要选有高度和深度的选项。）

 

阅读技巧之二——猜生词

根据《课程标准》要求：初中生能正确流畅地朗读句子和课文，语音语调准确；能不借助词典阅读含有1%-3%生词的多种文体的语言材料：能根据上下文的意思，推测生词的意义。

Zoos protect the animals they look after. They offer them safe places to live in. In the wild, some kinds of animals are in danger of becoming extinct. But zoos give these animals a chance to live. Without zoos, there would be fewer kinds of animals in the world.

Question: 根据上下文意思，解释划线词含义。

【分析】这段文字的意思是：动物园为动物提供了安全的栖身之地：而在野外，有些种类的动物身处extinct的险境。如果没有动物园，世界上动物种类将变得更少。根据上下文的意思，可以推断出在野外的动物面临着灭绝的险境，因此extinct的意思就是"灭绝"。

 

猜词的技巧：

1. 通过因果关系猜词

通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等等)表示前因后果。

You shouldn't have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.

通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。

 

2. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词

通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。

通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but, while, however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。

He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.

根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。

 

3. 通过构词法猜词

在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了，例如：independence 从词根depend→dependent→dependence→independence。

 

4. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义

例如：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.

从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。

 

5. 通过句法功能来推测词义

例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.

假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。

 

6. 通过描述猜词

描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物做出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。

例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.

从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类——企鹅。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。

巩固提升

A. I. Choose the best answer (根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案)

（一）

It is said that people who are aged 50 and older make up nearly 80% of all travel spending. We travel more often, go farther, and stay longer than people in any other age group.

No wonder the travel industry is always looking for new ways to attract our business.

We have more discretionary (自主决定的) income than most other travelers and more time to spend it. Because many of us are retired or no longer have children in school, we have unusually flexible timetables. And senior travelers are active. There's almost no place we won't go, no activity we won't try to take part in. Our interests include everything from adventure travel to learning vacations, from guided group tours to independent travel.

As a result, seniors today are offered good travel discounts.

In order to get the best age-related discount, you'd better ask many resorts, hotels, restaurants, tour operators, and other travel agencies or carriers if they offer special discounts for senior travelers. But if you seem willing to pay full price they're unlikely to offer you a better deal. Others who don't have regular senior discounts may be willing to offer you a deal rather than watch you take your business elsewhere. Speak up and ask for what you want.

1. As a senior traveler, you have the advantage to ______.

A. pay the full price for your travel B. take your business elsewhere

C. ask for a proper discount D. be willing to offer a deal on the travel

2. According to the passage, travel business nowadays ______.

A. is willing to offer lower prices to senior people

B. is mainly made up of aged people

C. is controlled by the senior travelers

D. is not easy to manage because of discounts for senior people

3. We could see from the text that ______.

A. senior travelers are all retired people with flexible time to take part in any activity

B. older people are more willing to go on adventure travels or learning vacations

C. group travels offer better discount than independent travels

D. senior travelers are active to go where they want to or in activities they want to take part

4. What does the underlined word "discount" mean in the 4th paragraph?

A. Guides on travels. B. Reduction of travel fees.

C. The full price for travel D. Money you pay for your travel

5. Which of the following can best explain the main idea of this passage?

A. A guide to help senior people get a good travel discount.

B. How senior travelers can make their travels pleasant.

C. How different places can offer senior travelers good deals for their travels.

D. What we can do to let people over 50 have better prices on their travels.

 

（二）

Mark began to introduce the guest speaker to the listeners, but then stopped for a while. He had forgotten her name.

Barbara hid her valuable things when she went on vocation. When she came back, she couldn't remember where she'd put them.

Perhaps you've had such experiences like these. Most people have. But most of them haven't realized that they have a memory problem. Neither do they know a simple important fact: Memory can be improved. If you'll just accept that, the following will show you how.

First, relax. If you are over worried about remembering something, you'll forget it. If you keep telling yourself that your memory is bad, your mind will come to believe it and you won't remember things. When you forget something, don't follow up with saying like "Oh, my god! I always forget things!" Such words will have a bad result on you and your memory. But relaxing isn't enough. To improve your memory, you'll need to take an active role. Like your body, your memory can be made strong through exercise. Look for opportunities to exercise your memory. For example, if you're learning a language, try to actively remember a lot of new words. If you don't take notice of things actively, you won't remember them. So, you can make pictures of what you see in your mind every day. For example, don't just put your keys down! If you want to find them again, make a mind picture of the place where you're putting them.

1. The first two paragraphs just tell us ______.

A. Barbara was a very rich person B. Mark often forgot his friends' names

C. examples of memory problems D. language problems of two persons

2. When you forget things, you ______.

A. must be too careless B. shouldn't lose heart about your memory

C. must accept the fact D. shouldn't take notice of the result

3. The word "opportunities" in the fourth paragraph means "______".

A. places B. activities

C. positions D. chances

4. According to the passage, ______ can make your memory better.

A. realizing your memory problems B. talking to your friends

C. making mind pictures of what you see. D. doing sports every day

5. The picture of the passage is to help you ______.

A. to improve your memory B. to introduce the guest

C. to remember new words D. to forget unhappy things

 

（三）

Huzhou Children's Eyesight Is Getting Worse

Huzhou, April.22 (Huzhou Daily)—A city eye examination has showed that Huzhou primary and high school children's eyesight has been getting worse. It showed test results were lower than those from the last examination in 2008.

Only 10% of the tested students had good eyesight, compared with more than 30 percent in 2008. The examination covered 1,770 students from 54 classes. They were from primary and high school in 5 districts.

According to the test results of the junior high school group, children from Anji District scored an average of four, much lower than 4.8. Below four is classed as shortsightedness. None of the students from Deqing District tested above 4.8.

Huzhou would adopt measure to improve children's eyesight. Most importantly, students should be freed from the burden of exams and relax their eyes more often every day.

1. How many students had good eyesight in the eye examinations?

A. 177 B. 277 C. 530 D. 1,770

2. Where were the tested students from? They were from .

A. primary and high schools in Anji District

B. primary and high schools in Deqin District

C. primary and high schools in 54 districts

D. primary and high schools in5 districts

3. Which of the following is classed as shortsightedness according to the passage?

A. The eyesight below 4. B. The eyesight below 4.2

C. The eyesight below 4.6 D. The eyesight below 4.8

4. If the students want to improve their eyesight, what should they do? They should

A. study hard B. read more books

C. read in the sun D. often relax their eyes

5. Where is this passage most probably from?

A. A story book B. A fashion magazine

C. A newspaper D. An advertisement

Keys:

巩固提升

(一)CADBA

(二)CBDCA

(三)ADADC

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