（1）单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est。
short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest
clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest
（2）以不发音e结尾的单音节单词，比较级在原形后加-r，最高级在原级后加-st。
（3）以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）单词中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。
（4）以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词， 把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。
heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest
（5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most。
beautiful→more beautiful→most beautifuldifferent→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily
（6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。
well→better→bestbad→worse→worst
ill→worse→worstold→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most
little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
（1）“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
This room is three times bigger than that one.
（2）“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.
He runs three times faster than his brother.
（1）“主语+be+the+形容词最高级（+单数名词）+in/of...”表示“……是……中最……的”。
Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.
This apple is the biggest of the five.
（2）“主语+实意动词+(the)+副词最高级+in/of...”表示“……是……中最……的”。
I jump (the) farthest in my class.
2.谓语：主语发出的动作。一般是有动作意义的动词。
3. 宾语：分为动词宾语和介词宾语，属于动作的承受者。
4. 系动词：表示状态或状态变化的动词，没有实际的动作意义。如 be, 感官系动词（look, sound, smell, taste 和 feel）、保持类系动词（keep, stay 和 remain）、状态变化类系动词（become、get、turn 和 go）等。
8. 补语：分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。是对宾语和主语的补充说明，与其有主动或被动的逻辑关系。
例如：You should keep the room clean and tidy.
（You是主语， should keep是谓语，the room是宾语，clean and tidy是宾语补足语。）
This kind of food tastes delicious.
（This kind of food是主语， tastes是系动词， delicious是表语。）
注意：主语、谓语、宾语、系动词、表语、补语是一个句子的主干成分；定语和状语是一个句子的修饰性成分，不是主干成分。
1. 简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。
2. 复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。
3. 两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。
例：They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.
分析：“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
2.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
分析：“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例：Our teacher taught us English.
分析：“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例：He asked her to go there.
分析：“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
5.“主语 + 系动词+ 表语”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系动词有be, keep，lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste, 等。
分析：“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
如：She knew that the teacher had seen the film.
“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语，同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句，所以它叫做宾语从句。
(1)动词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。
如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class．他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
(2)介词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。
如：I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。
(3)形容词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。
如：I am afraid that I will be late. 恐怕我要迟到了。
(2)whether/if：表示是否，在宾语从句中不做成分。
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后，他是否还住在这里。
(3)连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose（在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语）
连接副词：where, when, how, why（在宾语从句中做状语）
The small children don't know what is in their stockings．（what 在宾语从句中做主语）
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？（why 在宾语从句中做原因状语）
①当主句是现在时态时，宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
I don't know when he will come back．我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday．他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
②当主句是过去时态时，宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was．她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
He said that he could finish his work before supper．他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时，任何时候都用一般现在时。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun．老师说过地球绕着太阳转。
(2)语序：任何从句都使用陈述句语序，宾语从句当然也不例外。
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作，或表示现在的特征、状态。
当主语是非第三人称单数时，行为动词的一般现在时变化形式(见下表)。如：
当主语是第三人称单数时，行为动词一般现在时的句型变化如下表：
现在进行时表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。常与now，at the moment，look，listen等词连用。
The little boy is watching TV now.
Listen！She is playing the guitar in the next room.
肯定式：am/is/are+doing（现在分词）
否定式：am/is/are not +doing（现在分词）
一般疑问式：Am/Is/Are + 主语 +doing（现在分词）+ 其他
They’re having a meeting now.
They aren't having a meeting now.
Are they having a meeting now?
一般过去时表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态（与现在无关） 。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等过去具体时间状语连用。
What did you do yesterday?
I was an English teacher one year ago.
I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.
2. 否定句形式：①was/were+not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词
I wasn't an English teacher one year ago.
I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.
3. 一般疑问句：①was/were提到句首；②Did+主语+动词原形+其他？
Were you an English teacher one year ago?
Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon?
What were you one year ago?
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态，或将来经常发生的动作或状态。
一般将来时的基本结构
I will do a better job next time.
Oil and water will not mix.
2. am/is/are going to +动词原形
否定式：am/is/are not going to +动词原形
一般疑问式：am/is/are +主语+ going to + 动词原形+其他？
He is going to spend his holidays in London.
Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.
Is he going to collect any data for us?
What are you going to do tomorrow?
can(能，会)， may（可以，可能，也许）， must(必须，一定，应该） have to（必须，不得不）
1. 肯定句结构：主语+can/may/must+动词原形+其它，
2. 否定句结构: 在can/may/must后加not，
You mustn’t talk aloud in the library.
3. 一般疑问句结构: 把can/may/must提在主语前，
Must you go now? (Yes, I must. No, I needn’t.)
May I open the window? (Yes, you may. No, you needn’t.)
had better+动词原形表示“最好做……”，变否定句时在had better后加not。
You had better catch a bus.
You’d better not catch a bus. (You had= You'd )
对划线部分提问时，将划线部分去掉，剩下部分变一般疑问句语序。（对主语提问例外）
My name is Lily. What’s your name?
The river is 500 kilometres. Hong long is the river?
like 可以作动词，也可以作介词。
1、like 作动词，表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”，有泛指的含义。
Do you like the color?你喜爱这种颜色吗？
like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接动词的-ing分词（like doing sth），有时意思不尽相同。
She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。（习惯）
She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。（平常不喜欢吃）
like 与 would 连用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客气的请求。
Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶吗？
“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。
They all like me to sing/singing English songs.
She is friendly to us like a mother.
她对我们友好，就像母亲一样。
It looks like an orange.
There is a "b" in the word "book".
单词book中有个字母b。
类似的字母还有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。
She has a small knife.
她有一把小刀。
There is an "i" in the word "onion".
单词onion中有个字母i。
类似的字母还有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。
Do you have an umbrella?
你有一把雨伞吗？
3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an；以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a。
例如：
a useful book
a universe
a one-letter word
an hour
an uncle
an umbrella
an honest person
英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种，常见的有以下这些：
He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。
The old man wears a pair of glasses.
老人戴着一副眼镜。
3、dress 可作及物动词，有“给......穿衣”的意思，后接“人”，而不是“衣服”。
Please dress the children right now.
The woman always dresses in green.
初中阶段常见的有以下这些：
1.let→letting 让
hit→hitting 打、撞
cut→cutting 切、割
get→getting 取、得到
sit→sitting 坐
forget→forgetting 忘记
put→putting 放
set→setting 设置
babysit→babysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿
2.shop→shopping 购物
trip→tripping 绊
stop→stopping 停止
drop→dropping 放弃
3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游
swim→swimming 游泳
run→running 跑步
dig→digging 挖、掘
begin→beginning 开始
prefer→preferring 宁愿
plan→planning 计划
hamburger---hamburgers
desk---desks
2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词，词尾加-es。
dish---dishes
watch---watches
tomato---tomatoes
Negro---Negroes
4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，将-y变为-i,再加-es。例如：
family---families
dictionary---dictionaries
city---cities
5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词，将-f或-fe变为-v，再加-es。
leaf---leaves
thief---thieves
knife---knives
self---selves
wife---wives
life---lives
wolf---wolves
shelf---shelves
loaf---loaves
但是：
scarf---scarves(fes)
roof---roofs
serf---serfs
gulf---gulfs
chief---chiefs
proof---proofs
belief---beliefs
tooth---teeth
2.将-man改为-men。例如：
man---men
woman---women
policeman---policemen
5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变，其它国把-s加后面”。
Japanese---Japanese
Swiss---Swiss
Englishman---Englishmen
Frenchman---Frenchmen
American---Americans
Australian---Australians
Canadian---Canadians
Korean---Koreans
Russian---Russians
例如：
mouse---mice
apple tree---apple trees
man teacher---men teachers
例如：
He is watching TV in the room.
They were dancing at nine o'clock last night.
2.在there be结构中。
例如：
There is a boy swimming in the river.
例如：
We have fun learning English this term.
They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.
例如：
Thanks for helping me.
Are you good at playing basketball.
5.在以下结构中：
enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事
finish doing sth 完成做某事
feel like doing sth 想要做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事
go on doing sth 继续做某事
remember doing sth 记得做过某事
like doing sth 喜欢做某事
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事
find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事
see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事
try doing sth 试图做某事
need doing sth 需要做某事
prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事
mind doing sth 介意做某事
practice doing sth 练习做某事
be busy doing sth 忙于做某事
can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事
miss doing sth 错过做某事
1.so与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“so 形容词 a/an 名词”。
例如：
He is so funny a boy.
Jim has so big a house.
2.such与不定冠词a、an连用，结构为“such a/an 形容词 名词”。
例如：
It is such a nice day.
That was such an interesting story.
【八】It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1.for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me.
3.for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势，现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。
例如：
句子：The boy in blue has three pens.
提问：
1.Whohasthree pens?
2.Which boy has three pens?
3.What does the boy in blue have?
4.How many pens does the boy in blue have?
很显然，学生多了更多的回答角度，也体现了考试的灵活性。
再如：
句子：He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.
1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
2.Wheredoeshe usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
3.Whatdoeshe usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?
4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?
5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?
6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends?
1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。
你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于：
What does your father do?
What is your father's job?
Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。
例如：
---Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特？
---The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。
2. What...?是泛指，所指的事物没有范围的限制；而 Which...?是特指，所指的事物有范围的限制。
例如：
What color do you like best? （所有颜色）
你最喜爱什么颜色？
Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? （有特定的范围）
你最喜爱哪一种颜色？
3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。
例如：
Which pictures are from China?
哪些图片来自中国？
例如：
When did you leave Shanghai?
你什么时候离开上海的？
2.“leave for 地点”表示“动身去某地”。
例如：
Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.
下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。
3.“leave 地点 for 地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。
例如：
Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?
你为什么要离开上海去北京？
1.主语的第三人称单数形式，即可用“he, she, it”代替的。
例如：
he, she, it
my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
例如：
man（单数）---men（复数） banana（单数）---bananas（复数）
3.动词有原形，第三人称单数形式，-ing分词，过去式，过去分词。
例如：
go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候，谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。例如：
The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，
我怎么知道？
Why should you be so late today?
你今天为什么来得这么晚？
should有时表示应当做或发生的事，
例如：
We should help each other.
我们在使用时要注意以下几点：
1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。
例如：
You should be here with clean hands.
例如：
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill.
如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。
例如：
We should arrive by supper time.
我们在晚饭前就能到了。
She should be here any moment.
1.常见的频度副词有以下这些：
always（总是，一直）
usually（通常）
often（常常，经常）
sometimes（有时候）
never（从不）
2.频度副词的位置：
a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。
例如：
David is often arrives late for school.
大卫上学经常迟到
例如：
We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天经常在7：10去上学。
c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调。
例如：
Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.
有时我步行回家，有时我骑自行车。
例如：
Never have I been there.
例如：
There are some birds in the tree.
→There aren't any birds in the tree.
但是，若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中，some可以不变。
例如：
Would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。
2.and变为or。
例如：
I have a knife and a ruler.
→I don't have a knife or a ruler.
3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。
例如：
They have a lot of friends.（可数名词）
→They don't have many friends.
There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可数名词）
→There isn't much orange in the bottle.
例如：
I have been there already.
→I haven't been there yet.
in 与 after 都可以表示时间，但二者有所区别。
1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中，以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间。
例如：
He will leave for Beijing in a week.
一周后他会动身去北京。
2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中，以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间。
例如：
He left for Beijing after a week.
一周后他动身去了北京。
不过，如果after后跟的是具体的时刻，它也可用于将来时。
例如：
We will finish the work after ten o'clock.
十点后我们会完成工作的。
3.注意区分以下的in的用法。
I'll visit him in a week.
一周后我会去拜访他。
I'll visit him twice in a week.
一周内我会去拜访他两次。
1. every day 作状语，译为“每一天”。
例如：
We go to school at 7:10 every day.
我们每天7：10去上学。
I decide to read English every day.
我决定每天读英语
2. everyday 作定语，译为“日常的”。
She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.
她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。
What's your everyday activity?
你的日常活动是什么？
【十八】forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do
1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
The light in the office is still on.
----Oh，I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。
由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
【十九】a little, a few 与 a bit (of)
a little, a few 与 a bit (of)都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里呢
1. a little 意为“一些、少量”，后接不可数名词。
例如：
There is a little water in the bottle.
例如：
He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。
2. a few 意为“一些、少数”，后接复数的可数名词。
例如：
There are a few people in the room.
房间里有一些人。
3. a bit 意为“一点儿”，后接形容词。
例如：
It's a bit cold. 有点冷。
a bit of 后接不可数名词。
例如：
He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱
4. a little 表肯定意义，little 表否定意义；a few 表肯定意义，few 表否定意义。
例如：
There is a little soda in the glass.
杯子里有一点儿汽水。
There is little soda in the glass.
杯子里几乎没有汽水了。
I have a few Chinese friends.
我有一些中国朋友。
Few people like him.
几乎没有人喜欢他。
5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词；
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词，意为“有点儿”。
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，
例如：
He doesn't like English.
他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）
2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，
他在唱歌。
He has got married.
例如：
He was sent to England.
例如：
Do you like college life?
你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here?
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that.
他的确知道那件事。
3. 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
【二十一】stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth
1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。
例如：
The students stop to listen to their teacher.
学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。
2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。
例如：
The students stopped talking.
学生们停止了谈话。
与它们相反的句式是：go on to do sth “继续做某事（与刚才一事不同）”和 go on doing sth “继续做某事（与刚才同一件事）”。
例如：
He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.
他完成了作业，接着继续去念英语。
They went on playing games.
