概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
否定形式：①am/is/are＋not; ②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don’t，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原行为动词。
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语：… ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
否定形式：①was/were +not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
否定形式：am/is/are + not + doing.
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语：recently, lately, since…, for…, in the past few years, etc.
否定形式：have/has + not +done.
概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构：①am/is/are going to + do；②will/shall + do.
否定形式：①am/is/are not going to + do；②will/ shall＋not＋do。
一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。
概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本结构：①was/were going to + do；②would/should + do.
否定形式：①was/were not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should 提到句首。
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
e.g.Many people speak English. 很多人说英语。
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。
e.g.English is spoken by many people. 英语被很多人说。
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词（词组）作谓语动词的句子。
e.g.He opened the door. 他开了门。（主动句）
The door was opened. 门被打开了。（被动句）
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在几种常见时态中的构成。
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：was/were being＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
e.g.Some new computers were stolen last night.
This book was published in 1981.
e.g.The window was broken by Mike.
This book was written by him.
（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
e.g.All the people laughed at him. 所有的人都嘲笑他。
→He was laughed at by all the people.
They make the bikes in the factory. 他们在工厂里生产自行车。
→The bikes are madeby them in the factory.
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。
e.g.We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away.
→It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once.
→It should be done at once.
英语中构成新词的方法很多，其中之一就是将两个独立的单词合在一起。我们把这种构词法称为“合成词构词法”。其实，我们目前已经学过很多通过合成方式构成的单词，如classmate，homework，basketball，football等等。另外，合成词构词法是一种十分活跃的构词方式，比如根据classmate很多同学都会联想到roommate，schoolmate，workmate，playmate等。合成的方式很多，常见的有：
（1）名词+名词：一般来讲，构成的词还是名词，e.g.website，homework，basketball
（2）副词+名词：可以构成形容词或副词，e.g.upstairs，downstairs都既可作形容词，也可以作副词
（3）副词+动词：一般用来构成动词，e.g.download
（4）名词+形容词：构成形容词，e.g.world—famous，homesick(想家的)
加前、后缀是英语中最常见的扩充词汇的方式，也是学习英语必须掌握的构词法。比如，我们学会care，就能掌握careful，careless，carefully，carelessly。下面我们介绍几个常见的前、后缀。
（1）re-表示“再”，如：rewrite，reuse，recycle
（2）in(m)-表示“无，不”，如：incorrect，impossible，impolite
（3）un-表示“不，无”，如：untrue，unhealthy，uncomfortable
（4）dis-表示“不，无”，如：dishonest，disagree，disappear，dislike
（5）anti-表示“反对，防止”，如：anti-pollution，anti-war(反战)
（6）-able表示“可能，易于，适合于”，构成形容词，如：renewable，eatable(可吃的)，lovable(可爱的)，comfortable，movable(可移动的)
（7）-ful表示“充满……的，具有……性质的”，构成形容词，如：helpful，hopeful，powerful，useful，careful，beautiful
（8）-less与-ful相反，表示“少的，不足的”，构成形容词，如：helpless，hopeless，powerless，useless，careless
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。本册书主要学习和掌握由关系代词引导的定语从句。
（1）that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。
e.g.Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
（2）which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。
e.g.The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
（3）who, whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。
e.g.The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher (whom）Li Ming is talking to？
注意：①当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who, that, which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
e.g.This is the house in which we lived last year.
②含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。
e.g.This is the person whom you are looking for.
③that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。
e.g.The city that she lives in is very far away.
①先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.
e.g.He was the first person that passed the exam.
②被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.
e.g.Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？
③先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.
e.g.This is the same bike that I lost.
④先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that, 而不用which.
e.g.I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
④以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.
e.g.Who is the girl that is crying？
⑤主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.
e.g.There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
①先行词为that, those时，用which，而不用that.
e.g.What’s that which is under the desk？
②关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.
e.g.This is the room in which he lives.
2．不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，e.g.an hour, an English car.
4．在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the。e.g.the sun ,the moon, the earth
5．定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。
e.g.the first, the best, in the south
6．在复数姓氏前加the，表示“××一家人”，常看成复数。
e.g.The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
e.g.in the box, behind the chair
（1）在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。
请区别：in the spring of 1945 (这里表示特指，故加the)
（2）一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。e.g.have breakfast ,play football
（3）一些固定词组中。e.g.go to bed, go to school, by bus, at night
9．在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同。请注意区别：
in the front of 在……范围内的前部
主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。
（1）语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
e.g.Tom is a good student.
They often play football on the playground.
（2）意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.My family are having lunch now.
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.
（3）就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。
e.g.Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.
There is a pen and some books on the desk.
（1）单数名词(代词)，不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式，复数名词(代词)作主语，谓语用复数形式。
Some water is in the bottle.
The students are playing football on the playground.
（2）“many a＋单数名词”作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式。
e.g.Many a student has been to Shanghai.
（3）“more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。
e.g.More than one student has ever been to Beijing.
（4）表示时间、价格、重量、数目、长度、数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，这些通常作一个整体概念，谓语用单数形式。
e.g.Two months is a long holiday.
Twenty pounds isn’t so heavy.
Ten miles isn’t a long distance.
（5）主语是“each/every+单数名词+and(each/every)＋单数名词”时，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.Each boy and each girl has got a seat.
Every man and every woman is at work.
（6）“one and a half＋复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.One and a half hours is enough.
（7）动词不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.To see is to believe.
Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes.
（8）“a/an＋单数名词＋or two”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.A student or two has failed the exam.
（9）当主语部分含有with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, except, but, like等介词或介词短语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g.Mike with his father has been to England.
Mike, like his brother, enjoys playing football
（10）由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时，一般用复数形式，但and所连接的并列主语是同一个人、事物，或概念时，谓语动词用单数。这两种情况区分如下：a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词，指的是同一个人或物；a/the+单数名词+and + a/the+单数名词，指两个人或物。
e.g.The writer and teacher is coming.
The writer and the teacher are coming.
（11）people, police等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，family, class, group, team等集体名词作主语，若指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若指一个个具体成员时，谓语动词复数形式。
e.g.People here are very friendly.
My family all like watching TV.
（12）不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.Is everyone here today？今天大家到齐了吗？
Something is wrong with him. 他有毛病。
（13）each, either, neither, another, the other 作主语，谓语动词用单数。
e.g.Each of them has an English dictionary.
Neither answer is correct.
（14）以-s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式。如：news, maths, physics等。
e.g.No news is good news.
Maths is very popular in our class.
（15）由both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；由or, either…or…，neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。
e.g.Neither you nor I am wrong.
Not only you but also he is going to see the film.
不仅是你他也要去看电影。
