—、现在完成时

1.结构：have/has + 动词过去分词

否定句：haven’t/hasn’t + 动词过去分词

疑问句：Have / Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词？

肯定回答：Yes, 主语 + has/have.

否定回答：No, 主语 + hasn’t/haven’t.

2.过去分词的变化

A.直接加-ed

B.不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d

C.辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed

D.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed

E.不规则变化见不规则动词表

3.过去分词ed发音规律

清念/t/      元浊/d/   /t//d/以后念/id/

finished    borrowed     wanted

passed      enjoyed    shouted

helped      called  needed

cooked      moved       counted

4.have been to 表示曾经去过某地（现在不在那里了），后面可接去过某地的次数，如once, twice, three times等。

have gone to 表示已经去了某地（现在还没有返回）。

have been in 表示在某地多长时间了，常在含有for + 时间段；since +时间点的时间状语的句子中使用。

 

填空题

1.--- _____ you ever _____ to Beijing?  

  --- No, I _____ .

2.--- Where is Mike? 

   --- He _____ _____  to Beijing already.

3.Where _____ you _____ ? I couldn’t find you.

4.--- _____ your uncle _____ to the Great Wall yet?

   --- Yes, he _____ .

5.Mr Smith _____  _____ _____ Japan for three years.

6.China _____ [rɪˈpɔ:tid] that we has already made great progress in the past 20 years.

7.We _____ [ˈsætɪsfaɪd] people’s needs with more kinds of food and clothes.

参考答案

1.Have been; haven’t 2.has gone to 3.have, been 

4.has, gone 5.has been in 6.reported 7.satisfied

 

二、现在完成时(II)

现在完成时常与下列副词连用：

already 已经（多用于肯定陈述句，句中）

yet  尚，还，仍然 （多用于否定句、疑问句，句末）

ever  曾经 （多用于疑问句，句中）

recently 最近 （多用于句末）

never  从不 （多用于否定句，句中）

just  仅仅 （多用于肯定句句中）

before  之前 （一般位于句末）

 

用just, already, yet, recently, ever, never填空

a.--- Have you _____ been to the West Lake?

--- No, I have _____ been there.

b.I have _____ read the novel twice.

c.Have you finished your work _____ ?

d.I haven’t heard from her _____ .

e.He has _____ gone shopping with his parents.

f.I have _____ seen him before, so I have no idea about him.

g.Jack has _____ finished his homework.

h.--- Has the bus left _____ ? 

--- Yes, it has _____ left.

i.你曾经去过法国吗？

Have you _____ been to France?

j.以前我从没丢过书。

I have _____ lost books before. 

参考答案

I.a: ever; never b: already c: yet d: recently/yet/before e: already/just   

f.never g.just/already h.yet, already/just I.ever J.never i.ever; never

 

三、现在完成时(III)

1.He has been away from the army for nine years because of a leg wound.

(1) for和since区别

for用来说明动作的延续时间长短，即多长时间，时间段。

since用来说明动作起点，即时间点，指具体的年，月，日，时，星期几。

since + 一段时间 + ago，表示自……时间前开始至今

since + 一般过去时从句

It is(has been) + 一段时间 + since +一般过去时从句

时间段 + has passed since + 一般过去时从句

 (2) leave为瞬间性动词（短暂性），不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如果有时间段的时间状语，要将短暂性动词改为延续性动词。

【链接】常见短暂变延续的动词

die —— be dead

borrow/lend —— keep

come / go —— be in

buy —— have

leave —— be away (from)

finish —— be over

begin / start —— be on

open —— be open

close —— be closed

become —— be 

join —— be in 

用since和for填空

1.Jim has been in Ireland _____ Monday.

2.Jill has been in Ireland _____ three days.

3.His aunt has lived in Australia _____ 15 days.

4.Mary is in her office.She has been there _____ 7 o'clock.

5.India has been an independent country _____ 1974.

6.The bus is late.They've been waiting _____ 20 minutes.

7.Nobody lives in those houses.They have been empty _____ many years.

8.Mike has been ill _____ a long time.He has been in hospital _____ October.

9.It _____ three years _____ I came to America.

参考答案

1.since 2.for 3.for 4.since 5.since 6.for 7.for  8.for, since 9.is; since

 

四、现在完成时(IV)

一般过去时和现在完成时的区别

 

用所给词的适当形式填空。

1.I _____ (teach) here for ten years.

2.I _____ (teach ) here ten years ago.

3.He _____ ( leave) home already.

4.He _____ (leave) home yesterday.

5.I can’t find my bag.Who _____ (take) it away?

6.Who _____ ( take) away my bag just now?

7.I _____ already _____ (see) the film.I _____ (see) it last week.

8.--- _____ he _____ (finish) his work today? --- Not yet.

9.My father _____ just _____ (come) back from work.He is tired now.

10.I _____ (work) here since I _____ (move) here in 1999.

参考答案
1.have taught 2.taught 3.have left 4.left 5.have taken 6.took 7.have seen, saw 8.has, finished 9.have come 10.have worked; moved 

 

五、不定代词和不定副词

（一）不定代词

1.定义：不指明替代任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫作不定代词。大多数不定代词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。

提示注意：

①指人还是指物

②可数还是不可数

③特指还是泛指

④两者还是三者

⑤肯定还是否定

⑥单数还是复数

2.各类不定代词：

 

some, any, no和every都可以和one, body, thing连用，构成复合不定代词。

1）复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

 Something is wrong with the computer.

2）形容词或else修饰不定代词时应该放在不定代词之后。

There is something delicious on the table.

3）some-/any-复合不定代词的用法与some/any用法基本一致。肯定句以及期待对方肯定回答的疑问句中通用some-；否定句和疑问句句通用any-。

Would you like something to eat?

I don't know anything about it.

I heard somebody singing in the classroom.

4）Each（Neither，Either） None of +名词复数+动词单数

5）we each后加谓语动词复数形式

（二）不定副词

some, any, no和every还可以与where连用，构成表示地点的副词，即：

somewhere 某处，在某处；

anywhere   在任何地方，无论何处；

nowhere   无处，不知名的；

everywhere  到处，处处 = here and there。

注意：else放在不定副词后面。

 

一、用复合不定代词或不定副词填空：

1.I can't hear anything = I can hear _____ .

2.There is _____ on the floor.Please pick it up.

3.Did _____ go to play basketball with you?

4.I phoned you last night, but _____ answered it.

5.Why don't you ask _____ to help you?

6.Could I get _____ to drink?

7.There's _____ in the box.It's empty.

8.Maybe _____ put my pencil away.I can't find it _____ .

9.--- Do you have _____ special to tell me today?  

   --- No, _____ special.

10.--- Who is in still in your classroom?  

   --- _____ (没有人).

二、选词填空

another, other, others, the other, the others

1.We always help one _____ .

We always help each _____ 

2.Of these three girls one comes from China and _____ two come from Japan.

3.This sweater is a little too big for me.Can I try on _____ ?

4.Some like black tea, _____ prefer green tea.

5.I don’t like these colors.Show me some _____ , please.

6.Have you any _____ books on this subject? 

7.I will give the other students _____ five minutes for them to finish their exercise.

8.It is always hard to tell the twins one from ____ .

参考答案

一、用合成不定代词或合成不定副词填空。

1.Nothing 2.Something 3.Anybody 4.Nobody 

5.Someone 6.Something 7.Nothing 8.Someone; somewhere; anywhere

9.Anything; nothing 10.nobody

二、选词填空

1.another; other 2.the other 3.another 4.others

5.others 6.other 7.another 8.the other

 

六、并列句

1.概念：由连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连成一个新句子，即：简单句+连词+简单句。

2.常见的并列连词：and, but, or, while

(1) and 意为“和；并且”，表顺延、并列。

(2) but 意为“但是”，表转折。

(3) or 意为“否则；或者”，表选择。

(4) for 意为“因为”，表因果。

(5) so 意为“所以；于是”，表因果。

(6) 其他并列连词有while, when, not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or 等。

 

用连词and, but, or, for, so, while填空。

① Hurry up, _____ you will be late.

② Work hard, _____ you can win the prize.

③ She is tired, _____ she can’t fall asleep.

④ I have to stay up late, _____ I have a lot of work to do.

⑤ Check it up again, _____ you will miss the last chance.

⑥ He does little exercise, _____ he gets ill easily.

⑦ Jim is good at Japanese _____ John is good at Chinese.

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