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寒假预习必备|人教版高中英语新教材选择性必修一Unit 4知识清单

更新时间:2022-01-29浏览:评论: 条

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Unit 4 Body Language

一、单词转换

1.interact vi.相互作用, 相互影响

→interaction n.交流;相互影响

2.rely vi.依赖;依靠

→reliable adj.可靠的;可信赖的

3.anger n.愤怒;怒气 vt.使生气;激怒

→angry adj.生气的;恼火的

4.vary vi.(根据情况)变化;改变

→various adj.不同的;各种各样的

→variety n.变化;品种;种类

5.approve vi.赞成;同意 vt.批准;通过

→approval n.赞成;认可

→disapprove v.不赞成

6.differ vi.相异;不同于

→different adj.不同的;与众不同的

→difference n.差异;区别

→differently adv.不同地

 

二、一词多义

1.contrast n.差异;对照物 vi.& vt.形成对照;形成对比

①Today's work is quite a contrast to what you did yesterday.

(n.对照物)

②He contrasted the two different economic systems in his speech.

(vt. 对照;对比)

③This white peak contrasts finely with the blue sky.

(vi.形成对照;形成对比)

2.witness vt.当场看到;目击;见证 n. 目击者;证人

①She was a witness of the incident.                

(n.目击者;证人)

②No one could witness that he was present.             

(vt.见证)

③A carpenter was giving evidence about an accident he had witnessed.     

vt.当场看到;目击

3.favour vt.较喜欢;选择;有利于 n.帮助;恩惠;赞同

①I hate asking favours of people.                

(n.帮助;恩惠)

②The teacher favours serious students.               

(vt.较喜欢)

③Hot climate and plentiful rainfall favour the growth of plants.

(vt.有利于)

4.anger n.怒气;愤怒 vt.使生气;激怒

①His impolite words angered his teacher.        

(vt.使生气;激怒)

②Though he felt his anger mounting, he kept perfect control of himself.      

(n.怒气;愤怒)

 

三、重点词汇

1.vary vi.(根据情况)变化;改变

The temperature varies from time to time.

温度常常变化。

The sword hardly varied in form from the 12th to the 15th century.

剑的样式从12 世纪到15 世纪几乎没有什么改变。

[知识拓展]

vary in sth.在某方面不同

vary with sth. 随……而变化

vary between...and...

=vary from...to...由……到……情况不等

→ variety n. 变化;种类;多样性

a variety of

=varieties of许多的;各种各样的

→ various adj. 各种各样的

由于各种原因,我不愿见他。

For various reasons, I'd prefer not to meet him.

=For a variety of reasons, I'd prefer not to meet him.

=For varieties of reasons, I'd prefer not to meet him.

 

2.approve vi.赞成;同意 vt.批准;通过

In other countries, by contrast, eye contact is not always approved of.

相反,在另一些国家,眼神交流并不总是被认可。

The minister approved the building plan.

部长批准了该建筑计划。

Her father will never approve of her marriage to you.

他父亲永远不会同意她和你结婚。

[知识拓展]

approve of 赞成;同意

approve of sb./sb.'s (doing)sth. 同意某人(做)某事

→ approval n. 赞成;同意;批准;认可

I don't need approval all the time.If someone does not approve of me, I will still be okay.

我不总是需要别人的认同,如果有人不认同我,我还是会觉得没事。

 

3.witness vt.当场看到;目击;见证 n.目击者;证人

A witness was examined by him in a court of law.

他在法庭上质问一个证人。

He gave witness on behalf of an accused person.

他为被告作证。

[知识拓展]

(1)witness sth. 目击了某事

witness to (doing)sth.证实,证明(做)某事

witness for 为……作证

(2)be a witness to sth.是某事的证据/证人

bear/give witness to 做……的证人;为……作证

司机作证说,他看到此人进入那栋大楼。

The driver witnessed to having seen the man enter the building.

这些事实证明了他的粗心。

These facts are a witness to his carelessness.

The witness who witnessed the incident gave witness to the police and promised to be a witness.

这个目击了这起事故的目击者向警察提交了证据并且答应做证人。

 

4.differ vi.不同于;相异

Japanese differs greatly from French in pronunciation.

日语发音和法语大不相同。

Conditions of employment differ according to the type of company you are working for.

雇佣条件因供职公司的不同而有差异。

[知识拓展]

differ from...与……不同/有区别

differ in...在……方面不同

differ with sb.on/about/over sth.与某人在某事上持不同(看法)

→ different adj.不同的

be different from... 与……不同

→ difference n.不同,差别

make a difference (to...)(对……)有作用或影响

Learners with different cultural backgrounds differ a lot in their thinking patterns and learning styles.The difference can be investigated and explained.

不同文化背景的学习者在思维模式和学习风格上有很大的不同。这种差异可以被研究和解释。

 

5.favour vt.较喜欢;选择;有利于 n.帮助;恩惠;赞同

A mother shouldn't show too much favour to one of her children.

母亲不应该对一个孩子表现出过多的宠爱。

I must decline to show favour to any of the candidates.

我必须拒绝偏袒任何一位候选人。

[知识拓展]

do sb.a favour

=do a favour for sb.帮某人的忙

ask sb.for a favour

=ask a favour of sb.请求某人帮忙

in favour of... 支持……

in one's favour 对某人有利

今天你能帮我个忙去学校接山姆吗?

Could you do me a favour and pick up Sam from school today? =Could you do a favour for me and pick up Sam from school today?

我想请你帮忙,你能把你的电话借给我吗?

I want to ask a favour of you; will you lend me your cell phone?

=I want to ask you for a favour;will you lend me your cell phone?

 

6.break down消除;分解;打破

Our car broke down and we had to draw it to a garage.

我们的车坏了, 不得不把它拖到修车厂去。

By then the gate was being broken down.

那时候大门快要被砸开了。

[知识拓展]

break away from脱离;摆脱;挣脱;打破陈规

break in 闯入;强行进入

break out 突然发生;爆发(不用于被动语态)

break up 打碎;分裂;解体;解散

 

7.reliable adj.可信赖的;可靠的

It has a highly reliable control system.

它具备一套极可靠的控制系统。

He's a good musician and totally reliable.

他是个出色的音乐家,而且非常可靠。

[知识拓展]

a reliable friend 可靠的朋友

be reliable as  作为……是可靠的

→ rely v.  信任;信赖;依赖;依靠

rely on/upon  依靠;依赖

rely on it that... 相信

The land, the essential means of production, is the most reliable living security that the peasants can rely on.

土地作为基本的生产资料,是农民可以依赖的最可靠的生活保障。

 

8.bend  vt.&vi.(bent, bent)(使)弯曲;倾斜;偏向

bend the truth 扭曲事理;歪曲事实

bend one’s mind/efforts to sth. 致力于某事;专心致志

 

9.tendency   n. 趋势;倾向

a tendency (for sb./sth.) to do ...

a tendency to/towards ... ... ...的倾向/

→ tend vt.往往会 vi.趋向 vi.&vt.照管;护理

 

四、重点短语

1.by contrast  相比之下

2.by comparison  与……相比较

3.look into 窥视;调查;过问

4.make inferences 推断;推论

5.break down 消除; 分解; 打破

6.straighten up 直起来,挺直;整理,收拾整齐

7.in other words 换句话说;也就是说

8.at work 有某种影响;起某种作用

9.call on 短暂访问(某人);号召;请求,邀请

 

五、重点句式

1.不定式短语作后置定语

(教材P38)For example, making eye contact—looking into someone's eyes—in some countries is a way to display interest.

例如,在一些国家,进行眼神交流——直视某人的眼睛——是表现出兴趣的一种方式。

句式分析:不定式短语to display interest作后置定语,修饰a way。

[例1] The meetings were a way to get acquainted with each other.

这些会议是一种相互结交的途径。

[例2] The best way to deal with a tease is to ignore him.

对付爱捉弄人的人的最佳方法就是不搭理他。

[知识拓展]

(1)在the first, the second, the last, the next, the only等词和形容词最高级后或在被这些词修饰的名词/代词后,常用不定式作定语。

(2)在time, way, chance, ability, promise等抽象名词后,常用不定式作定语。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子

①The chance to go (go)for a picnic has been ruined.

②He is the only man to know (know)the truth.

③最好的旅行方式是坐高铁。

The best way to travel is to take a high­speed train.

④他总是第一个来,最后一个走。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

⑤多锻炼是保持健康的好方法。

It's a good way to keep fit with more exercise.

 

2.when doing...

(教材P38)In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.

在日本,当你和年长的人说话时,低头可能是对长辈的尊重。

句式分析:句中when talking to an older person是一个省略句,补全后为:when you are talking to an older person。

[例1] When seeing the naughty child, the teacher sympathized to his mother.

当看到那个淘气的孩子时, 老师对他的母亲表示很同情。

[例2] I kept a diary every day while (I was)travelling.

在那次旅行期间,我每天都写日记。

[知识拓展]

当when,while,before,after,unless,as if,if等引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或从句主语是it,且从句谓语中含有be动词时,可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。

[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译

①He won't come unless invited(invite).

②While playing (play)with his children outdoors, the father felt very happy.

③如果你被录用干这份工作的话,你会很快被通知到的。

If you are accepted for the job, you'll be informed soon.=If accepted for the job, you'll be informed soon.

 

3.比较级的否定形式表示最高级含义

(教材P39)And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.

如果我们感到沮丧或孤独,没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。

句式分析:句中nothing better than是比较级的否定形式表示最高级的含义。

[例1] Personally, she would like nothing better than to accept this invitation.

就她个人来说,她巴不得接受这次邀请。

[例2] Peter likes nothing better than going to the coast and messing about in his boat.

彼得最喜欢去海边,毫无目的地让船在海中漂荡。

[知识拓展]

最高级意义的多种表达法:

(1)否定词+形容词/副词比较级(+than)

(2)否定词+so/as +形容词/副词原级+as

(3)比较级+ than+all the other+名词复数the other+名词复数any other+名词单数any of the other+名词复数anything/anyone else

[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子

①I have never spent a more worrying(worrying)day.

②Tom is more intelligent(intelligent)than any other student/all the other students in his class.

③再没有别的书对我的生活有更大的影响了。

No other book has had a greater effect on my life.

④多么好的一本小说啊!我从未读过比这更感人的了。

What a wonderful novel! I have never read a more moving one.

⑤李洋在班里学习最努力。

Li Yang studies harder than anyone else in his class.

⑥在夏季炎热的下午,我想不出什么东西比一杯冰凉可口的啤酒更好。

I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer afternoon.

 

1.The crucial thing is using body language in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in.

[分析] 本句为复合句。动词­ing形式using body language 作表语,that is appropriate to the culture you are in 为that引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a way;其中you are in是省略了that的又一个定语从句,修饰先行词the culture。

[译文] 最重要的是要以一种适合你所在文化的方式使用肢体语言。

2.There are also differences in how we touch each other, how close we stand to someone we are talking to, and how we act when we meet or part.

[分析] 本句为复合句。连词and连接三个how引导的宾语从句,其中we are talking to是省略了关系代词whom的定语从句,修饰先行词someone,when we meet or part为时间状语从句。

[译文] 我们彼此接触的方式、我们与谈话对象的距离以及我们见面或分手时的行为也存在差异。寒假预习必备|

 

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